... in Flexible, Open and Distance Learning: Workshop Dr. Marina Stock McIsaac Professor Emerita, ASU, USA IODL 2006 September 11,2006, Eskisehir, Turkey

Background Arizona State University Fulbright (Anadolu ‘85-86, 91-92) International Council for Educational Media (ICEM) President, University of Aveiro, Portugal 2006

Handbook of Research Gunawardena, C.N. and McIsaac, M.S. (2003). Distance Education. In D.H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, 2nd Edition (pp ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

Workshop Outline 1.Development of distance education 2.Research trends 3.Theoretical development 4.What do you want to know? 5.Selecting your research topic

Workshop Process 1.Small group list research topics 2.Large group share research topics 3.New small groups to select research topic and develop research plan 4.Share research plans 5.Getting your research published 6.Conclusions

Development of ODL Distance Education Online Learning Environments Integration of ICTs in classrooms Distributed Learning Blended Learning Communities of knowledge

Early Research Studies Media comparison studies (NSD) Descriptive studies (not transferable) Cost effectiveness studies (not complete costs) Primarily quantitative analysis, some statistically flawed (not random assignment, etc.)

Later Research Studies Learner needs Instructional process Issues of access Socio-cultural aspects of instruction Roles of teachers, students online Strategies for mediated environments Knowledge construction in mediated environments

Theoretical Developments 1 Industrial Model (Otto Peters) Guided Didactic Conversation (Holmberg) Independence and Autonomy (Wedemeyer) Transactional Distance (Moore)

Theoretical Developments 2 Control (Garrison) Interaction (Garrison & Shale) Socio-cultural Context of Education (Evans, Nation, McIsaac, Gunawardena) Social Presence (Gunawardena, McIsaac, Tu)

What do you want to know? Cognitive Process Learner Control Motivation Retention Instructional Interaction Instructor-learner Learner-learner Learner-content Learner interface

What do you want to know? Socio-cultural context of learning Social learning preference (individual vs. group) Interaction in mediated environments Transactional analysis Social presence Creating online learning communities Autonomous learning vs. guided learning Alpha student Cultural considerations needed for distance delivery

Socio-cultural Considerations “Culture embodies the attitudes, values, and history that are shared by a group of people through their language, history and music.” (Dyson, 1997)

Examples of Culture Japanese direction of gaze vs. direct eye contact Colors as symbols; red in China Conventions of politeness (asking 3 times) Humility vs. assertiveness Cultural import of external values

Why Research Importance of Culture on Learning? Culture influences; Pedagogy (lecture or discovery) Independence of learner Language of instruction Mode of communication (written, oral) Personality (assertive, passive) Social preference (group or individual)

Working Groups 1.Small group list research topics 2.Large group share research topics 3.New small groups to select research topic and develop research plan 4.Share research plans

Getting Published Select the right journal Use appropriate writing style (APA) Submit only when writing is correct Use journal guidelines Use research structure (introduction, methods, results, discussion) Resubmit

Conclusion Read the research Use theoretical foundation Ask the question Develop the method Write up the study Submit for publication

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