The Physiology and Chemistry of the Brain Change Across the Night

A Good Night’s Sleep Sleep onset Stage 2 NREM SWS REM sleep

Sleep Physiology EEG Wake Stage 2 Stage 4 REM 2 sec EOG Stage 1 Stage 2 REM EMG Wake Stage 4 REM

Neuromodulation Varies Across the Wake-Sleep Cycle Active Wake ACh NE 5-HT Quiet Wake SWSREM Ach:acetylcholine NE:norepinephrine (noradrenalin) 5HT:serotonin

Regional Activation in REM Sleep

Hippocampal-Neocortical Dialog

Sleep Enhances Memory

Sleep Consolidates Perceptual Learning Vipul Patel Beth Schirmer Dana Whidbee LaTanya James

Test interval (h) Improvement (ms) Daytime Overnight * * *

Time Course of Improvement Days Improvement (ms)

Total sleep time (h) r = 0.62 p = 0.006

SWS REM sleep

Learning Across the Night Quartile Pearson r-value SWS p = 0.05 p = 0.01 REM

Training SWS 1 REM 4 v = SWS 1 x REM 4

Improvement Correlates with Early SWS and Late REM r 2 = 0.79 p < Improvement (ms) SWS 1 x REM 4

“24/7” Burn Out!! Dan Luskin Sara Mednick Neha Pathak Overtraining on TDT

Naps, SWS, & REM Improvement (ms) (n=28) (n=17) +SWS +REM (n=13) +SWS (n=13) (n=2) no nap 60’ nap 90’nap

SWS REM sleep

Training SWS Stabilize REM Enhance

Sleep Consolidates Motor Learning Matthew Walker Tiffany Brakefield Alexandra Morgan 1234 Sequence

Learning Rate Saturates Rapidly 10 PM 10 AM 1 12 Post-training # Sequences / 30 sec Baseline Training Trials (lasting 12 mins)

Sleep Enhances Performance 10PM 10AM AM SLEEP p< # Sequences / 30 sec 10PM PM 10AM p< SLEEP

A Good Night’s Sleep Stage 2 NREM

25 % Overnight improvement % Stage 2 NREM sleep – 4 th Quarter r =0.72 p= Overnight improvement and Late Stage II Sleep

Who’s Getting Better?

Not Schizophrenics PM Post-training # Sequences / 30 sec Baseline Training Trials (lasting 12 mins) AM Retest Next day Next day Sz. next day Schizo. Schizophrenics (seq/30s)

Not Schizophrenics

Where Are They Getting Better?

R motor cortexhippocampus medial prefrontal L cerebellum (precision) (movement sequencing)(mapping of intent)

Limbic system Parietal cortex (emotional task burden)(consc spatial monitoring)

How Are They Getting Better?

Sleep Enhances Performance # Sequences / 30 sec 10AM 10PM AM SLEEP p< PM PM10AM p< SLEEP

Sleep Enhances Where Needed Sequence Transition Reaction time (ms) Sequence Transition

Percent Improvement Uni - 5 Bi - 5 Uni - 9 Bi - 9 Sleep Enhances Where Needed Fastest Transitions Uni - 5 Bi - 5 Uni - 9 Bi - 9 Slowest Transitions

How Smart is Sleep? Carlyle Smith Jan Born

Complex Problem Solving Control group d 1 Moves Presleep EtOH d 1 Moves d 8

WAKE/ NIGHT WAKE/ DAY ZZZ... Development of Insight Wagner et al. (2004) Nature 427: % 40% 60% Subjects gaining insight 0%

Associative Memory is Altered During Sleep Cindi Rittenhouse Jen Holmes Beth Schirmer Lauri Scott Semantic Priming (580 ms) thief wrong (560 ms) rightwrong paperwrong (600 ms)

Weak Strong msec REM NREM PM

New Experiences are Replayed at Sleep Onset Hypnagogic dreams April Malia Denise Maguire David Roddenberry Karen Emberger Laura Babkes

Hypnagogic Images of Tetris Group (n)Nights% Ss% Rpts Novices275%10.4% Experts2 or 350%4.7%

Reports of Tetris Imagery “Just seeing Tetris shapes floating around in my head like they could in the game, falling down, sort of putting them together in my mind” (JEG - Day 2) NOVICE “…seeing in my mind how the game pieces kind of float down and fit into the other pieces and am also rotating them” (TRP - Day 2) EXPERT

ASSOCIATED IMAGERY “I see just a little part of the game for a second. It’s weird also, because I don’t see it the way we play it on this computer. I see it like I used to play it at home, where it’s in different colors and stuff like that. And the boxes look a little different.” (EH)

Amnesiacs360%7.4% Hypnagogic Images of Tetris Group (n)Nights% Ss% Rpts Novices275%10.4% Experts2 or 350%4.7%

Reports of Tetris Imagery “Just seeing Tetris shapes floating around in my head like they could in the game, falling down, sort of putting them together in my mind” (JEG - Day 2) NOVICE “…seeing in my mind how the game pieces kind of float down and fit into the other pieces and am also rotating them” (TRP - Day 2) EXPERT “I see images that are turned on their side. I don’t know what they are from, I wish I could remember, but they’re like blocks” (JEG - Day 2) AMNESIAC

Learning Experiences are Replayed at Sleep Onset (Improved) Karen Emberger Laura Babkes Alpine Racer II

l 42% of first night reports contain skiing imagery l 3 out of 3 controls who only watched Kinesthetic imagery l 11 players (69%) l 1 control (33%) Skiing imagery l 14 out of 16 players (88%)

Alpine Racer Images “ “I keep seeing all the places where I fall- like, hit the walls. It’s kind of annoying; and then my legs fly up in the air.” (SEC) “I can sort of feel the motions of the game but more not really seeing it.” (MLC) “I envisioned myself skiing, and for a second there it felt like I was skiing backwards - something I used to attempt when I was younger.” (CMD)

Delayed Onset Reporting } REPORTS Standard protocol } Math problems REPORTS Delayed onset

Delayed Onset Reports "I felt like I was sort of sliding downhill again. And, um... there were instructions and a person and uh, I don't know." (JAV, rpt 6) "I was having a rather vivid image as though I was moving forward through some kind of a forest... I was moving forward very stiffly. Um, my entire upper body was incredibly straight... it felt almost as if I was moving forward on a conveyor belt, and, without my legs actually moving." (MAM, rpt 8) "I felt as though I was falling downhill. And I was dreaming about like instructions to a young king or something." (JAV, rpt 4)

Sleep, Memory & Dreams √ √The physiology and chemistry of the brain change across the night √Sleep consolidates and enhances memory √Sleep alters associative memory processes √Sleep finds patterns in our daily experiences, even when we don’t know that they exist √And dreams are part of the story