Intelligence & Thinking Christina Moorman

Intelligence Intelligence is from the D. Pig-Latin word ellencgenceintay C. French word integente B. Latin word intellectus A. Greek word inteleca

Intelligence B. Latin word intellectus

Galton Concluded that intellectual abilities were heritable Developed models for the statistical tests that we use today Developed logic of twin/adoptive parent studies

Galton Was the cousin of… A. Piaget B. Socrates C. Darwin D. Binet

Galton C. Darwin

Intelligence Modern Definition : A person’s ability to Learn and Remember information Recognize concepts and their relations Apply the information to their own behavior in an adaptive way

Intelligence 1.Differential approach 2. Developmental approach 3. Information-processing approach A.Investigates the types of skills people use to think and solve various types of problems B.Devise tests that identify and measure individual differences in people’s abilities to solve problems C. Studies the ways in which infants learn to perceive, manipulate & think about the world 3 Major Approaches to Studying

Intelligence 1.Differential approach B.Devise tests that identify and measure individual differences in people’s abilities to solve problems Especially used in the classroom

Intelligence 2. Developmental approach C.Studies the ways in which infants learn to perceive, manipulate & think about the world Piaget

Intelligence 3. Information- processing approach A.Investigates the types of skills people use to think and solve various types of problems Cognitive psychology

Intelligence Is Intelligence a global trait, or is it a composite of separate, independent abilities?? Like “athletic ability”

Intelligence 3 Theories of Intelligence 1. Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory 2. Information-Processing Theory 3. Neuropsychological Theory

Spearman’s Intellectual ability is determined by 2 factors : Two-Factor Theory A. g factor & s factor B. t factor & f factor C. s factor & t factor D. f factor & g factor

Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory A. g factor & s factor

g factor general factor common to all intellectual tasks analogies: LAWYER:CLIENT::DOCTOR:

g factor · apprehension of experience – perceiving & understanding what just happened · eduction (figuring out) of relations – perceiving the relationship between things · eduction of correlates – apply a rule learned from one case to another Made up of : LAWYER:CLIENT::DOCTOR:

s factor factor specific to a particular test

Information-Processing Theory Sternberg Triarchic theory

1.Componential intelligence –Metacomponent –Performance components –Knowledge acquisition components 2.Experiential intelligence 3.Contextual intelligence

Triarchic theory 1.Componential 2. Experiential 3. Contextual A.Ability to deal effectively with new situations and automatically solve old problems B.Mental mechanisms people use to plan and execute tasks C.Intelligence reflecting learned behaviors

Triarchic theory 1.Componential 2. Experiential 3. Contextual B. A. C.

Factor Analysis Spearman & Pearson identify common factors that are being examined among groups of tests Factors: abilities that affect performance on more than 1 test

Factor Analysis Thurstone found 7 factors contradicted Spearman?

Factor Analysis Eysenck Second-order factor could be g

Factor Analysis Cattell Found 2 second-order factors 1.Fluid intelligence 2.Crystal intelligence

Neuropsychological Theory Gardner based on a neurological analysis of human abilities

Neuropsychological Theory Falls into 7 categories : –linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal –All are well represented in the brain Advantages

Intelligence We clearly cannot measure the intellectual ability of people in other cultures against our own standards!

Intelligence Testing Controversial topic It an accepted means of evaluation degree of mental retardation

Intelligence Testing Binet sensory tests alone cannot determine intelligence Mental Age (MA) Intelligence Quotient (IQ)  MA/CA * 100

Intelligence Testing Binet’s test is now called : A.Binet-Simon Scale B. Binet Intelligence Questionaire C. Binet Scale of Intelligence D. Stanford-Binet Scale

Intelligence Testing D. Stanford-Binet Scale Tasks grouped according to MA

Intelligence Testing Wechsler WAIS stands for : A. Wechsler Animal Intelligence Scale B. Wechsler Animated Interest Survey C. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale D. We’re All Insane Sometimes

Intelligence Testing C. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Armed Forces Tests verbal & performance abilities separately - Identify brain damage Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Revised versions

Intelligence Testing Possible problems

Intelligence: Nature vs. Nurture Nature – Heritability Nurture - Newborns do not possess substantial intellectual ability - Drugs - Genetics - Educational influences

Intelligence: Nature vs. Nurture 50/50 of variability Race

Thinking Categorizing, reasoning, solving problems Hidden Language, shapes & images Unconscious

Thinking Three important elements 1.Classifying 2.Logical reasoning 3.Problem solving

Classifying Concepts are : A.Categories of objects, actions or states of being that share some attributes B. Concrete memories formed from ideas C. Thoughts that can be verbalized D.Gathering at which lots of loud music is played

Classifying A.Categories of objects, actions or states of being that share some attributes Generalization! Natural concepts & Formal concepts

Classifying Natural concepts - Categorization based on our own perceptions & interactions Exemplars - collections of memories of particular things that share similar characteristics

Classifying 3 Types of Natural Concepts 1. Basic-level concepts Distinctions between categories

Classifying 3 Types of Natural Concepts 2. Superordinate concepts Collections of basic concepts

Classifying 3 Types of Natural Concepts 3. Subordinate concepts Specific types of concepts

Logical reasoning Deductive A.Inferring general principals or rules from specific facts B.Inferring specific instances from general principals or rules C. To purchase on sale Inductive

Logical reasoning Deductive Inductive B. inferring specific instances from general principals or rules A. inferring general principals or rules from specific facts Syllogisms Logical errors

Problem solving Problem solving is : A. Finding a path to the solution B. Ultimate function of thinking C. Algorithms & Heuristics D. All of the above

Problem solving D. All of the above Finding a path to the solution Ultimate function of thinking Algorithms Heuristics

Problem solving Intelligent problem solving involves more than trying out various actions to see whether they bring one closer to the solution; it involves PLANNING! Planning = trying it out in our heads.

Questions?

The End