Older Adults and Visual Impairment What Do Exposure Times and Accuracy Tell Us About Performance Gains Associated with Multimodal Feedback? by Julie A. Jacko, Ingrid U. Scott, François Sainfort, Leon Barnard, Paula J. Edwards, V. Kathlene Emery, Thitima Kongnakorn, Kevin P. Moloney, Brynley S. Zorich Presented by Chih-Tang Lee Eshita Sharmin

Introduction  Examine how multimodal feedback affects the performance of older adults with normal vision and older adults with visual impairments resulting from Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) in manipulation tasks; pointing, moving, and selecting objects within an interface.

Background  The American Foundation for the Blind estimates that 10 million individuals in the United States are visually impaired or blind.  The 1999 Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation reported that 53% of individuals with general acuity loss had access to the Internet, compared to only 28% of individuals with visual impairment.  What is AMD? AMD is one of the leading causes of severe visual impairment in the aging population, affecting nearly two million Americans. It is a progressive disease in which the macula, degenerates over time. A loss of central vision degrading individual’s ability to perform focus-intensive activities, such as reading, driving, or using a computer.

The Experiment  59 participants 36 Female, 23 Male years old (average = 76.0) Grouped based on presence of AMD.  $50 incentive plus free clinical eye exam, including best-corrected visual acuity using the ETDRS eye exam.  Background questionnaire.  Perform Purdue Pegboard test of manual dexterity. 1/3

The Experiment  Equipment training. PIII, 384MB RAM Sat 24” away from 20” Trinitron flat monitor (1152x864, 32-bit color setting) Logitech WingMan FF Mouse  Perform a series of drag-and-drop tasks. Multimodal AHV 2.0 File icon located at bottom center of task space Target folder icon randomly located 15 repetitions of the task for each of 7 different combinations of feedback conditions  Auditory: sound of a suction cup  Visual: purple coloration of file icon  Haptic: force feedback of mouse 2/3

The Experiment  Performance Assessment Efficiency measure  FTHT  TTHT Effectiveness measure  OND  Data Analysis ANOVA ANCOVA 3/3

Results (1/2)

Results (2/2)

Julie A. Jacko  Associate Professor of Industrial & Systems Engineering (ISyE) at the Georgia Institute of Technology  PhD, MS, BS in Industrial Engineering, Purdue University  Interest: human factors, human-computer interaction, universal access to technology Publications  Sears, A. & Jacko, J. A. Toward ecological evaluations of distributed computing. To appear in Human-Computer Interaction, 15(1), in- press.  Jacko, J. A., Sears, A., & Sorensen S. J. A framework for usability: healthcare professionals and the Internet. To appear in Ergonomics, in press.  Jacko, J. A., Sears, A. & Borella, M. S. Toward a characterization of the temporal usability of distributed multimedia documents. To appear in Behaviour and Information Technology, in-press.  Sears, A., Jacko, J. A., & Dubach, E. M. (2000) International aspects of WWW usability and the role of high-end graphical enhancements. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 12(2),  Jacko, J. A., Rosa, R. H., Scott, I. U., Pappas, C. J., & Dixon, M. A. (2000) Visual Impairment: The Use of Visual Profiles in Evaluations of Icon Use in Computer-Based Tasks. International Journal of Human- Computer Interaction, 12(1),

Authors  Ingrid U. Scott Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine Publications: trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a- tree/s/Scott:Ingrid_U=.html  Francois Sainfort Associate Dean for Interdisciplinary Programs Professor of Industrial & Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Publications: ncois_Sainfort/publications/

Authors  Leon Barnard M.S.I.E. in Human-Integrated Systems at Georgia Tech (in progress) B.S. in Industrial Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison  Paula J. Edwards PhD, Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology (in progress) BS, Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology

Authors  V. Kathlene Emery PhD, Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology (in progress) BS, 2000, Industrial Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison  Thitima Kongnakorn PhD, Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology (in progress) MS, 1998, Industrial Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Authors  Kevin P. Moloney PhD, Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology (in progress) BS, 2001, Biology, Purdue University BA, 2001, Psychology, Purdue University  Brynley S. Zorich PhD, Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology