October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS1 Carbon Pools in Desert Grasslands from EOS: First Meeting Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM, October 28, :30 a.m.Welcome, Statement of Objectives 8:45 a.m.Summary of Activities: Milestones & Results 9:45 a.m.Perspectives on RS for Ecological Modeling 10:15 a.m.Discussion on Goals and Approaches 10:45 a.m.Coffee 11:00 a.m.Discussion on Goals and Approaches (continued) 12:00 a.m.Lunch 2:00 p.m.Remote Sensing Techniques: MISR 4:00 p.m....or before if possible: End. Agenda

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS2 The overall objective stated in the proposal was to validate a new approach to parameterizing the CENTURY model for the arid and semiarid grasslands of the southwestern US (and beyond) by exploiting the unique information content of multi-angular remote sensing data from the EOS MISR and MODIS sensors. Overall Objective

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS3 Our new overall objective is to validate a new approach to deriving parameters for driving biogeochemical cycling models for the arid and semiarid grasslands of the southwestern US (and beyond) by exploiting the unique information content of multi-angular remote sensing data from the EOS MISR and MODIS sensors. Overall Objective

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS4 We want to combine MISR and MODIS data to exploit: 1. physical &| semi-empirical measures from the RPV and Li-Ross models; 2. structural measures from CR models and ANIX; and 3. spectral measures of canopy vigor (SVIs). These are highly complementary. We are not currently able to include process modeling as a result of the recent budget changes -- but we will strengthen the validation aspects of our work and continue to seek funding for the modeling. Approach

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS5 to assess the ability of kernel-driven and EMRPV BRDF models to yield parameters useful in precision community type mapping to assess the ability of these models to yield information useful in determining bare soil:grass:shrub proportions to assess the ability of geometric-optical models and multi-angle metrics to yield useful canopy structure information. Specific Objectives

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS6 And… to evaluate the minimum acquisition period required for the construction of adequate multi-angle data sets for model inversions over SW rangelands. This is predicated on the need to augment the angular sampling of either sensor as well as increase the number of observations. Specific Objectives

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS7 N.B. these objectives are no longer immediate: to create a map of above and belowground C pools for arid shrub-grasslands of S. NM, S.E. AZ and S.W. TX as predicted by CENTURY. to assess the reduction in uncertainty in C pool estimates using an areally-weighted species- specific parameterization of CENTURY based on well-defined vegetation community types and the proportions of grasses, shrubs and bare soil. Specific Objectives

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS8 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) Timeline of Main Events Dec '03:Proposal accepted. Mar '04:Search for post-doc initiated. Jun '04:Funds received. Jun '04:Dr. Lihong Su selected from a field of 11. Jul '04:Lihong appointed as Research Associate. Jul '04:Data acquisition/programming… Aug '04:ARS funding now deemed infeasible. Oct '04:Still no funds, so no CENTURY post-doc. We have to revert back to the original remote sensing scope suggested by the panel (OK’d by GG on 10/13).

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS9 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) EOS Data Processing: Technical Overview HDF-EOS MODIS Observations (MOD m ISIN) HDF-EOS MISR Cloud Mask (RCCM -- 1,100 m) HDF-EOS MISR Aerosols (17,600 m) HDF-EOS MISR Angles (GEOM -- 17,600 m) HDF-EOS MISR Observations (MI1B2T, includes QC m ) HDF-EOS MODIS Angles (MODPTQKM -- 1,000 m ISIN) HDF-EOS MODIS QC (MODGST -- 1,000 m ISIN) Physical Structure (FVC, radius/height, gap, fiPAR, LAI) Screened surface bi-directional reflectance estimates accumulated over a 9-day period. Max. # observations possible for RED wavelength = 27 (9 x MODIS/Terra + 9 x MISR and eventually + 9 from MODIS/Aqua). Plus other MISR channels at nadir. Empirical Surface Metrics (iso, geo, vol; k,  ; ANIX) EMRPV, Li- Ross, ANIX, NDAX GORT/SGM/ other non- linear model 1st level classification (Community Types [on soils]) 2nd level classification (condition) C Pools = AGC + BGC Comm.Type subdivisions PROCESSINGPROCESSINGS

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS10 Merge the observations from the 9 cameras for one orbit (IDL) Estimate surface reflectance from TOA radiance (IDL/C/6S) HDF ==> TOC reflectance for working region (ISIN ==> UTM w/MODIS Reprojection Tool) HDF-EOS MODIS Observations (MOD m ISIN) HDF-EOS MISR Cloud Mask (RCCM -- 1,100 m) HDF-EOS MISR Aerosols (17,600 m) HDF-EOS MISR Angles (GEOM -- 17,600 m) HDF-EOS MISR Observations (MI1B2T, includes QC m ) HDF-EOS MODIS Angles (MODPTQKM -- 1,000 m ISIN) HDF-EOS MODIS QC (MODGST -- 1,000 m ISIN) Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) EOS Data Processing: Technical Overview Collate observations, angles, and screen by QC on an orbit (IDL: -- WIP) Accumulate observations from multiple orbits (9 days) (IDL: -- WIP) HDF ==> TOA radiance, mask for cloud (IDL: SOM ==> UTM) Combine MISR and MODIS data for each 9-day period

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS11 Merge 9 cameras observations on one orbit (IDL) Estimate surface reflectance from TOA radiance (IDL, C, Fortran: 6S) ISIN ==> UTM for working region (MODIS Reprojection Tool) HDF-EOS MODIS Observations (MOD m ISIN) HDF-EOS MISR Cloud Mask (RCCM -- 1,100 m) HDF-EOS MISR Aerosols (17,600 m) HDF-EOS MISR Angles (GEOM -- 17,600 m) HDF-EOS MISR Observations (MI1B2T, includes QC m ) HDF-EOS MODIS Angles (MODPTQKM -- 1,000 m ISIN) HDF-EOS MODIS QC (MODGST -- 1,000 m ISIN) Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) EOS Data Processing: Technical Overview Collate observations, angles, and screen them by QC on an orbit (IDL: -- WIP) Accumulate observations on multiple orbits (9 days) (IDL: -- WIP) Obtain TOA radiance after cloud mask & navigate (IDL: SOM ==> UTM) Collect multiple orbits during a period (C) Combine MISR & MODIS during a period( C - WIP)

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS12 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) EOS Data Processing: Technical Overview Lihong -- anything to add here? Note: last 2 slides are the same material organized / colored differently!

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS13 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) We have been investigating the potential for using a model based on geometric-optics (GO) to retrieve information on shrub cover, density, size and shape, initially using 4 x 631nm (red) multi-angle reflectance from CHRIS on Proba. Principles: _ 2r _ _ _ _ | h | | 2b | _ _

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS14 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) How does a GO model respond to very heterogeneous canopies? -- are GO principles violated in this case? -- do GO models operate on mean parameter values?

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS15 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) Can GO models work for very heterogeneous canopies which have a highly variable and bright understorey?

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS16 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) Can GO models work for very heterogeneous canopies which have a highly variable and bright understorey, on different soils?

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS17 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) GO models have been demonstrated as useful tools for forested environments but are more challenging in arid environments: here, the magnitude and anisotropy of the remotely-sensed signal is dominated by the "background" comprised of varying proportions of exposed soil, grasses, litter and forbs. How to obtain the background BRDF in order to isolate the effects of the larger canopy elements?

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS18 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) The first approach taken was by setting the large plant parameters estimated from high resolution imagery and inverting the SGM for the background (represented by the 4-parameter Walthall model). This was done for a wide range of conditions and a linear relation between near- nadir 631 nm reflectance and the four Walthall model coefficients was obtained. This relation was used on inverting the SGM for large canopy parameters over the entire imaged area (September 28, 2003 scene).

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS19 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) 25 m CHRIS 24° Back (748 nm, 631 nm, 530 nm) 25 m CHRIS 631 nm reflectance (56°Fwd, 40°Back, 24°Back) A look at some CHRIS imagery from 08/22/03 (SZA=26°

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS20 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) The 25 m CHRIS 631 nm viewing angles Note: low SZA for 08/22/03.

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS21 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) IKONOS pan image 05/23/01 over the transition zone showing the 7 points selected for contrasting over- and understorey configurations

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS22 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) IKONOS chips showing locations selected to obtain Walthall:1

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS23 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) IKONOS chips showing locations selected to obtain Walthall:2

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS24 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) IKONOS chips showing locations selected to obtain Walthall:3

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS25 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) IKONOS chips showing locations selected to obtain Walthall:4

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS26 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) IKONOS chips showing locations selected to obtain Walthall:5

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS27 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) IKONOS chips showing locations selected to obtain Walthall:6

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS28 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) IKONOS chips showing locations selected to obtain Walthall:7

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS29 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) Another look at the IKONOS pan image 05/23/01 over the transition zone

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS30 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) 25 m CHRIS 631 nm nadir viewing Walthall model scaled with near-nadir brightness (SZA=26° VZA=24° RAA=33°) for the seven test plots (solid lines). Ground-measured sand BRDF at the transition site (dotted line). Not sure if the scaling is accurate…

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS31 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) Inversion results for the points selected to obtain Walthall: good. a measured by counting 1 m pixels in the May 23, 2001 IKONOS panchromatic image. b kG, kC, kZ+t are the fractions of viewed and sunlit background and crown and shaded components in the IFOV, respectively.

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS32 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) Results (vs. > 100 random point samples from QuickBird and IKONOS): ….poor! Potential Reasons: 1.The scale of the observation: 25 m may be too small -- it may violate the principles of GO models which assume a Poisson distribution. 2.Walthall model terms are not orthogonal -- this makes it difficult to obtain consistent relations with nadir brightness by setting large canopy parameters and inverting for Walthall (also: too many coefficients?). 3.The SGM may be inadequate (Goel: 35% error in k?) 4.The CHRIS data or processing may be flawed.

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS33 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) Soon we will be able to test the last one (CHRIS data flawed or inadequate) by using MISR and MODIS data. The # and range of the angular sampling are better.

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS34 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) BRDF / CR Model Inversion (ongoing work) Field nadir (January 2004)

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS35 Perspectives on RS for Ecological Modeling (Peters) Perspectives on RS for Ecological Modeling (Peters);

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS36 Discussion on Goals and Approaches  temporal element (when to sample? transitions/stages of maturity?)  what to measure, with respect to our goal?  hard / soft, or hard + soft classification?  spatial scales and BRDF / CR modeling  solutions to CR modeling background problems  validation plan

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS37 Carbon Pools in Desert Grasslands from EOS -- First Meeting -- Jornada Experimental Range, Las Cruces, NM October 28, 2004

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS38 Summary of Activities: Milestones & Preliminary Results (Chopping/Su) Canopy Reflectance Modeling (with CHRIS/Proba) HDF-EOS MODIS Observations (MOD m ISIN) HDF-EOS MISR Cloud Mask (RCCM m) HDF-EOS MISR Aerosols (xxx m) HDF-EOS MISR Angles (GEOM m) HDF-EOS MISR Observations (MI1B2T, includes QC m ) HDF-EOS MODIS Angles (MODPTQKM m ISIN) HDF-EOS MODIS QC (MODxxx m ISIN)

October 28, 2004C Pools from EOS MISR & MODIS39 SAVED: We are taking a mechanistic approach to estimating spatial distributions of C pools in the arid and semi-arid SW using multi-angle data from MISR & MODIS. Our approach is based on the premise that there is unique information in the BRDF as sampled by these EOS instruments which complements spectral measures to aid mapping objectives. We want to combine MISR and MODIS data to exploit: 1. semi-empirical measures from RPV and Li-Ross models; 2. structural measures from CR models and ANIX; and 3. spectral measures of canopy vigor (SVIs). These are highly complementary. We are not currently able to include process modeling as a result of the recent budget changes -- we will strengthen the validation aspects of our work and continue to seek funding for the modeling. Welcome, Statement of Objectives