June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review1 Overview of SLAC HEP Program Persis S. Drell Director for Particle and Particle Astrophysics

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review2 An Exciting Time in Particle Physics  The Standard Model of quarks and leptons is fabulously successful It only describes 5% of the Universe  Dark Matter and Dark Energy make up 95% of the Universe New forms of matter and energy outside of current understanding  We don’t understand why the the Universe is matter dominated (what happened to the anti-matter?)  Compelling Questions confront us Within this decade tools coming on line to make progress in our understanding Developing tools for discovery in the next decade

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review3 A Challenging Time in Particle Physics  Premier US HEP accelerators will turn off by the end of the decade B-Factory (SLAC) 2008 CESR (Cornell) 2008 Tevatron (FNAL) 2009  By end of decade, the frontiers of HEP will be off shore LHC (CERN) JPark (KEK) KEK-B (KEK)  Long term health and future of the field of HEP relies on ILC Very expensive (~$8B) Excellent progress towards international realization of such a machine  Not a certainty!  We need to balance the near term, mid term, and long term focus of the program

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review4 SLAC’s Leadership Role in these Uncertain Times  SLAC’s HEP mission: responsibility and an obligation to provide technical and scientific leadership to the national (and international) community provide unique technical capabilities for the management and construction of large-scale projects design, build and operate the accelerators that define the frontiers of the field enable members of the University community to play leadership roles in the HEP program and have full access to the physics participate in the education of a scientifically trained workforce, and in the training of the future leaders in the field  Challenge: carry out mission at a time when major changes from past way of doing business  No onsite frontier HEP machine carry out mission at time when future options uncertain  ILC

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review5 Scientific Focus of Current and Future SLAC Scientific Program  Current and planned SLAC HEP program is addressing compelling scientific questions facing the field (exploring QU)  Where did the antimatter go? (B-Factory)  Are there new symmetries and forces of nature? (B-Factory, ILC)  Why are there so many particles? (B-Factory)  What is Dark Matter? How can we make it in the lab? (LSST, JDEM, GLAST, ILC)  Can we solve the mystery of Dark Energy? (LSST, JDEM, ILC)  Is there grand unification of particles and forces? (ILC, EXO)  What are neutrinos telling us? (EXO)  Are there extra dimensions of space? (ILC)  Doing accelerator research and technology development to meet current challenges and for the longer term future of the field Accelerator Research  PEP-II  ILC  Multi-TeV LC--Higher Gradient + Two Beam acceleration  Future acceleration concepts

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review6 Program Elements  Experimental Initiatives: B-factory  CP violation in flavor sector  Precision definition of SM paradigm of CP violation from flavor mixing in CKM  Search for new physics in loop processes sensitive to new high mass particles  Determine the ‘footprint’ in the flavor sector of the new physics that will be discovered at the LHC ILC  Precision energy frontier studies  Discover identity of dark matter  Resolve mysteries of the Higgs  Connect the laws of the very small to the very large EXO  Explore fundamental nature of electron neutrino and measure its mass LSST,JDEM  Fundamental Cosmology GLAST  High Energy Astrophysics and search for dark matter Accelerator Research

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review7 Program Elements (cont.)  Computational Initiatives Petacache embedded memory machine First star simulations Dark Energy Studies Fluid Dynamical Simulations of Gamma Ray Bursts Relativistic Shock Structure  Theoretical Efforts Strings and Quantum gravity Physics at Bottom and Charm Factories Phenomenology of Supersymmetry and Grand Unified Theories  Connections to cosmology Tests of the Standard Model QCD Phenomena Physics at the ILC and LHC Lensing Cluster Cosmology GRB’s, Pulsars, AGN’s

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review8 Program Timelines: Exploiting the present and preparing for the future  Science now or soon Final Results of Fixed Target Program (E158) BaBar (now to 2008) GLAST (2007 – 2012/17) Proof of principle experiments in accelerator research  R&D for near term science (2012) LSST (first light 2012??) EXO (2012?? if R&D successful) JDEM (20??) ILC (2016?)  R&D for farther future Accelerator Research

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review9 Program Review Overview  Plenary Talks: High level program overviews Speak to Charge Plenary talks will focus on lab program  Breakouts--Interactive Theory  Includes cosmololgy Accelerator Research  Details of ongoing R&D, ILC, tour of NLCTA and FFTB Experimental Research  BaBar, GLAST, EXO, LCD, LSST, SNAP  Non-DOE KIPAC projects  Breakouts will focus on efforts of SLAC staff  Tours today (GLAST, BaBar) and tomorrow (FFTB, NLCTA)  Thursday: Planning for the future

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review10 Program Review Overview: This Talk  Very brief summary by program of Research activities during past year Goals for the next year Long-term plans  Summary of resources by program  Discussion of overall balance and priorities  Planning for the future (Thursday talk)

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review11 Fixed Target Program

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review12 SLAC 158 UC Berkeley Caltech Jefferson Lab Princeton Saclay SLAC Smith College Syracuse UMass Virginia E158 Collaboration  (A PV ) ~ 10 ppb Need events Count at ~ 1 GHz

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review13 ParameterProposalAchieved Intensity at 48 GeV 6 x / pulse5.3 x Intensity at 45 GeV 3.5 x x Polarization 80%85% Repetition Rate 120 Hz Intensity jitter / pulse 2% rms0.5% rms Energy jitter / pulse 0.4% rms0.03% rms Energy spread -0.15% rms Delivered Charge* (Peta-E) 345K410K E-158 Beam Parameters 120Hz Production Running Run 1: April 23 – May 27, 2002 Run 2: October 10 – November 13, 2002 Run 3: July 10 – September 6, 2003 * proposal number for delivered charge allows 20% inefficiency factor for beam quality cuts and experimental efficiency

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review14 Final Analysis of All 3 Runs A PV = (-131 ± 14 ± 10) x 10 -9

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review15 Final Physics Result 66 sin 2  eff = ± ± sin 2  W MS (M Z ) hep-ex/ , To be published in PRL

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review16 Fate of Fixed Target Program  No Future Fixed Target Experiments are planned for the Endstation Not a programmatic priority Facility will be kept in operational shape for test beams, LCD R&D, future accelerator R&D, etc.. Loss of experimental facility to HENP community

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review17 B-Factory

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review18 B-Factory Program  PEP-II Accelerator Collides e+ and e- with unequal beam energies at E CM =10.58 GeV Premier tool for studying physics of heavy flavor  BaBar Detector Optimized for B-physics at asymmetric energy collider Run by International Collaboration of ~623 physicists from 80 institutions in 11 countries  50% of collaboration from Europe  International collaboration essential to supporting computing effort necessary to get science out in a timely fashion  International leadership reflected in all top management positions in the experiment Successful intervention in summer 2004 to replace 1/3 of IFR/muon detection system  Trigger upgrade to meet demands of increasing luminosity

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review19 B-Factory Science Program  B-Factory science drivers: B mesons a laboratory for study of CP violation  Discovery measurement in 2001  CP in charmonium (b  c) modes now measured to +-7% Unique access to flavor sector of ‘new physics’  CP in b  sss modes provides crucial testing ground for SUSY  Intriguing discrepancy : 3.7 difference between b-> c and b->sss modes e+e- b factories are also and charm factories  Surprises: new charm strange quark states in 2004  Anti-surprises: no evidence seen for penta quark in 2005

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review20 Research Activities of Past Year Journal PapersBABARBelle < May Total Conference Contributions BABARBelle Papers submitted to ICHEP Abstracts submitted to LP Raised currents Improved reliability Trickle injection

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review21 B-Factory Goals for Next Year  6 month delay in starting Run 5 due to accident in Oct 04  PEP-II Goals Will run to 7/06 with 1 month down 10/05  Deliver to BaBar: 500fb-1 Summer 2006  Error on average of Penguin modes should reach 0.06  Hardware upgrades Fall 2006  Replace remaining 4 sextants of IFR  DC electronics upgrade  Final PEP-II luminosity upgrade installations

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review22 B-Factory Longer Term Plans  B-factory program operates until end of FY2008 Run for maximum integrated luminosity Data analysis continues for several more years after data taking stops  Goal for : double again to ~1 ab -1 Individual Penguin modes with errors in range

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review23 International Linear Collider

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review24 The Linear Collider  Linear Collider Science Drivers  Are there new symmetries and forces of nature?  What is Dark Matter? How can we make it in the lab?  Can we solve the mystery of Dark Energy?  Is there grand unification of particles and forces?  Are there extra dimensions of space?  Linear collider essential to establish quantum nature of the ‘dark universe’ Active work to articulate science case more broadly  EPP2010  HEPAP report on ILC/LHC synergies

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review25 Strategic Look at Linear Collider  High Energy e+e- LC highest priority new machine for world community SLAC has led field in development of LC design and technology  Champion of warm RF technology  How has the ‘cold’ technology choice impacted the lab? SLAC has always been committed to playing a leadership role in ILC independently of choice of RF technology SLAC has accelerator expertise in all subsystems of the collider R&D program now restructured to address critical issues for cold machine  SLAC fully support GDE effort SLAC staff are co-leading 4 of the technical subgroups

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review26 ILC Machine R&D activities of the Past Year/ Goals for Next Year  Demonstrated R1’s for the warm RF design  Restructured R&D program to align with the cold decision Accelerator Design and CDR  e+e- sources  Damping ring design  Beam Delivery System  Instrumentation and control systems L-band rf power sources All being done as part of the coordinated GDE effort  Goals for near term: End of CY05: Select baseline configuration design End of CY06: CDR  Goals longer term: CY08/09: TDR

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review27 ILC Detector Program  Need to grow program of linear collider detector R&D (ALCSG) SLAC is working with LBNL and FNAL to provide opportunities for user community to engage  Simulation Effort Supports national and international effort  Concept development for a detector based on Silicon One of several approaches in the community  Beam Instrumentation (L, E, P) Linac Beam offers unique opportunities  LOI at EPAC encouraged  Effort is investment limited—particularly engineering Will grow with GLAST roll off

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review28 EXO

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review29 EXO: Enriched Xenon Observatory  Search for  decay in 136 Xe--> 136 Ba ++ e - e - Observation of decay would provide direct evidence on:  Lepton number violation  Neutrinos are Majorana fermions  Set neutrino mass scale  EXO Philosophy Excellent energy resolution (separates 0 n from 2 n ) Positive ID Ba Ion (Ba tagging)  EXO goal: ~10’s of meV Requires ton scale detector

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review30 EXO: R&D Progress in Past Year  Progress in Past Year Study of single ion Ba+ tagging at different residual Xe pressures Improved LXe energy resolution Procurement/qualification of low background materials Secured funding for ‘EXO 200’  200kg prototype—tests all aspects of EXO *except* Ba Tagging  Will measure 2 n decay rate

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review31 EXO: Goals for next year and longer term plans  Build EXO 200 Study detector performance (no Ba+ tagging) Look at backgrounds Measure 2 mode with 1-2 year run Sensitivity of ~0.2 eV to 0 mode  Completion of Ba tagging R&D effort in next 2- 3 years In parallel with EXO 200 operations  Successful R&D would lead to proposal for full EXO (ton scale experiment)

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review32 Accelerator Research

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review33 Accelerator Research  Preparing for challenges of longer term future of field  Explore underlying physics Efforts in many areas supporting current facilities and are also aimed at longer term future  Beam Dynamics  Collective Effects  Accelerator Structures  Proof of principle experiments E164/E164X – Plasma wake field acceleration program using Short Pulse Source  Producing surprising results LEAP/E163 – Laser Acceleration in Dielectric Microstructures  Commissioning this summer  First data late 2005

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review34 F = -eE z electron beam front portion of bunch loses energy to generate the wake back portion of bunch is accelerated Energy HeadTail No Plasma Plasma Beam Distribution e- ion column Plasma Acceleration

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review35 Plasma Acceleration-E164X  Past year Generated short (<100fs) pulses Wake Field Amplitude ~ 1/ s z 2  27 GeV/m acceleration of particles demonstrated over 10 cm First time a PWFA has gained more than 1 GeV Two orders of magnitude larger than previous beam-driven results No Plasma n p = 2.8 x e - /cm 3 Energy [GeV]

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review36 Accelerator Research Facilities Planning  FFTB will go away in 2006 with progress in LCLS construction Broad user program based on unique high energy, low emittance, short pulse beam Supports diverse research program in many fields  Plasma wake field  SppS  Flash  Process in place to develop Options for FFTB replacement (code named SABER)  Two locations being considered—evaluate pros and cons  Evaluate costs What is the physics case to justify the facility? Process culminates with workshop in September

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review37 Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review38 Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology at SLAC  SLAC’s HEP mission has broadened to include particle astrophysics and cosmology Science Drivers for Particle Astrophysics program  Understanding the “Quantum Universe”  What is Dark Matter? How can we make it in the lab?  Can we solve the mystery of Dark Energy?  Look for opportunities where SLAC plays unique and enabling role Any participation where SLAC resources are involved, the level and scope of participation should be significant and commensurate with status as a national laboratory

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review39 Criteria for SLAC involvement in non accelerator based projects  Overall Scientific Merit Scientific Potential Value Alternatives Timeliness  Relevance to Fundamental HEP Themes  Involvement of the SLAC User Community  Interest/Involvement of SLAC Senior Staff  In addition, SLAC involvement is greatly enhanced when there exists technical synergy with SLAC core competencies SLAC infrastructure can be leveraged SLAC project and scientific leadership are involved.

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review40 GLAST  GLAST: -ray Large Area Space Telescope GLAST measures direction, energy and time of celestial gamma rays from 20MeV – 300 GeV Will Survey entire sky every 3 hours  A direct view into Nature’s largest accelerators  Gamma rays probe cosmological distances in a largely unexplored energy range  Great potential for Discoveries: Search for Dark Matter and hidden space time dimensions Investigate nature of black holes and gravity beyond Einstein Endpoints of Stellar Evolution: Black Holes, Neutron Stars, Sne remnants Active Galactic Nuclei and Gamma Ray Bursts Joint Particle Physics/Particle Astrophysics venture  Involves 5 nations, 9 funding agencies

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review41 LAT Instrument Anti-coincidence detector Tracker Calorimeter Grid

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review42 GLAST  Fabrication project has been challenging! CNES withdrew financial support for project 4/03  New project manager experienced at SLAC (Klaisner)  Organizational changes Project successfully rebaselined summer 03  Transition to flight production much more painful than anticipated The laboratory put the highest priority on supporting the project Production anomalies summer/fall led to second DOE/NASA rebaseline winter 05  As part of rebaseline process NASA management investigated a descope option to preserve schedule Because Tracker was the critical path in the schedule, the configuration investigated was 16 calorimeters, 12 trackers  Remaining instrument per current baseline  Saved 1 month of schedule Scientific implications of descope presented to Anne Kinney in late February  Decision to adopt descope plan postponed to give LAT opportunity to demonstrate execution to proposed schedule

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review43 GLAST  Activities of the past year Flight fabrication is well underway Flight hardware being delivered and integrated at SLAC in Bldg 33  6 of 16 towers integrated into flight grid ISOC taking shape  Goals for next year LAT complete and tested 1/06  To NRL for environmental testing Delivery to Observatory Integration 4/06  Mate with spacecraft and GBM and test  Longer term plans Launch 8/07 from Kennedy Space Flight Center ISOC at SLAC Preparation for science!

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review44 KIPAC: Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology  Institute of Stanford University Institute building on the SLAC site funding by gift from Fred Kavli Director: Roger Blandford Deputy Director: Steve Kahn (also Assistant RD)  Director reports to Stanford Dean of Research 9 new faculty (4 in place)  Most if not all will be joint campus/SLAC Establishes Stanford/SLAC/DOE as intellectual force in field  Institute brings in funds from NASA and NSF in addition to DOE funds through SLAC Highly leveraged by > $20M investment by Stanford University  Growing fast! Institute 50 strong and growing  > 20 new people including 4 professional staff, 4 faculty, postdocs, students, 2 admins and lots of visitors  Others from exiting SLAC and SU communities

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review45 Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology: The Future  Potential SLAC/KIPAC Projects SNAP Collaboration (JDEM)  2m telescope, 0.7 sq deg field in space Study high z SNe  Dark Energy Weak Gravitational lensing  Dark Matter Strong Lensing  Small scale structure LSST  8.4 m telescope, 8.6 sq deg field on the ground Weak lensing survey of entire sky  Dark matter power density spectrum  Constraints on Dark Energy  Many other NASA funded KIPAC Projects under development (NuStar, Exist, Next, POGO, …)  KIPAC effort already very visible and very productive Over 100 publications in first 18 months.. 3 major conferences

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review46 KIPAC Scientific Vision  Fundamental Cosmology: What are dark matter and dark energy? Theoretical Efforts  Lensing, Cluster Cosmology, String Theory Computational Initiatives  First star simulations, Dark Energy Studies Experimental Initiatives  LSST  JDEM  High Energy Astrophysics (many non-DOE) Theoretical Efforts  GRB’s, Pulsars, AGN’s Computational Initiatives  Fluid Dynamical Simulations of Gamma Ray Bursts  Relativistic Shock Structure Experimental Initiatives  GLAST  NuStar, NEXT, POGO, EXIST (all non-DOE)

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review47 Theoretical Physics

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review48 SLAC Theory Group  Primary mission: to advance theoretical high-energy physics, and to train young scientists. In addition, some members interact strongly with the SLAC experimental program Interests of the group span a range of extremely challenging problems of relevance to national and international program Group well integrated with ITP on campus Increasing opportunities for interactions with KIPAC

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review49 Theory Group: Programmatic Connections  Members of the Theory faculty and staff have strong connections to the various experimental programs here at the lab and elsewhere: Linear Collider  Peskin, Rizzo, Hewett, Pierce LHC  Dixon, Hewett, Rizzo, Berger Cosmology  Kachru, Silverstein, Alexander, Maloney, Pierce Low-energy and exclusive QCD  Brodsky B-Physics  Hewett, Quinn, Hill

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review50 Computing

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review51 Computing  Forefront computing at SLAC underlies many of the experimental programs.  Key strength: bringing application scientists, applied mathematicians and computer scientists together creates revolutionary new approaches, both application-specific and generic.  One of world’s leading efforts in data-driven computing and large scale data management necessitated by the huge explosion of data from the BaBar detector.  Major additional efforts focus on applications in accelerator modeling and particle simulations. Positioned to support new applications that use computation as a tool for discovery in particle astrophysics, cosmology, and bio-molecular simulations.  Revolutions in science increasingly founded on, and driven by, computing. Future focus on transforming the interaction between scientists and their data to transform the science being performed.

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review52 Program Resources

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June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review55 Programmatic Challenges  Active workforce management needed as transition from on site to off site accelerators as non accelerator fraction of program grows  B-factory recovery from accident maintain competitiveness with KEK-B  ILC needs increased funding and continued government and community continuity of commitment  To grow non accelerator programs will need to establish and execute a stable multi-agency research investment plan  Must capitalize on spectacular KIPAC opportunity  Must replace FFTB (goes away in 2006 for LCLS) Facility enables photon, particle and astro particle science on site

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review56 Programmatic Priorities  For the near term: We must focus on B-factory performance and delivery of science to our largest user community  For the mid term: We must continue in our leadership role for the ILC  Highest priority new facility for the world community We must complete GLAST construction and develop the ISOC  Challenges here due to marriage of 2 cultures We must work to provide additional opportunities for science to the HEP user community in ~2012  e.g. LSST, EXO, JDEM,....  For the long term: The R&D in accelerator science is our hope for the future of the field  To make the next accelerator *after* the ILC technically feasible and affordable

June 14, 2005DOE HEP Program Review57 Summary  Enormous opportunities for world class science at SLAC  SLAC’s programs and leadership central to national and international effort  Programs are science driven, innovative, flexible and responsive to scientific drivers