The German Research Landscape - Structures and Funding Dr Nicole Hilbrandt DAAD DAAD Fachtage 2007 Osaka – October

‹Nr.› Contents  Introduction  The German research landscape - Research topics - Research institutions - Industrial research  Research funding - Basic concept & budget - Structure of research funding - Types of funding - Funding organizations

‹Nr.› The German Research Landscape  over 250,000 scientists  over 750 publically funded institutions  Funding budget (total): G: 70 billion US $ Europa: 230 billion US $ USA: 280 billion US $

‹Nr.› The German Research Landscape The German research landscape is composed of various institutions:  Institutions of higher education (universities and universities of applied science etc.)  Non-university research organizations (Max Planck Society, Helmholtz Association, Fraunhofer Society, Leibniz Association)  Regional and federal institutions  Academies of Science  Industry (companies, AiF etc.)

‹Nr.› Introduction - Historical Development Founded in 1911: Kaiser Wilhelm Society (MPS from 1948), The competitive advantages of science are recognised by industry and the state  1st World War and Third Reich: Research for military purposes  Weimar Republic: Doubling of public funding Spirit of innovation/creativity up until the global economic crisis  Founded in 1920: Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (DFG from 1951)  Founded in 1949: Fraunhofer Society, by the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs  1955 Paris Treaties: Authorization of research in all areas ⇒ Founded by 1960: FZJ; FZK; GKSS; DESY; IPP – Main focus on nuclear research ⇒ Founded by 1960: DLR; DKFZ, AWI (and others form 1995 HGF)  by 1970: University expansion from 1989  Integration of the Academy of Sciences, e.g. founding of: Leibniz Association

‹Nr.› Introduction of the Legal Basis of Research Art. 5 Par. 3 GG "Basic right to freedom of art and science, research and teaching" ⇒ free choice of subject, especially at universities Amendment Art. 91b Par. 1 GG "On the basis of agreements, the Federal Government and regional states can, in cases of transregional significance, work together in funding: 1. Institutions and scientific research projects other than universities; 2.Scientific projects and university research; 3.Research facilities at universities, including large-scale equipment. Arrangements made in accordance with clause 1 No. 2 require the agreement of all regional states." = Distribution of responsibilities between the Federal Government and the regional states

‹Nr.› German Universities  373 institutions of higher education, including  102 universities  170 universities of applied science  53 universities of music and the arts and film academies  Characteristics of German universities:  Combination of research and teaching  Broad selection of subject areas  Basic research at universities Source: Federal Statistical Office 2005/06

‹Nr.› Structure of the German Research Landscape Fraunhofer Society Leibniz Association Max Planck Society Universities Applied sciencesBasic research AiF Industry Helmholtz Association

‹Nr.› Germany's 10 most active Research Companies Source: 2006 EU R&D Investment Scoreboard Research investments % € billion in relation to:

‹Nr.› Inter-disciplinary innovations  Nanotechnology  New Materials  Microsystems  Optical technologies  Production technologies  Biotechnology Communication & Mobility  Information & communication  Traffic research  Logistics  Aeronautics and aerospace Environment & Energy  Energy  Environment Health & Safety  Medical care  Medical engineering  Safety research Research topics

‹Nr.› Research expenditure in Germany  Budget (total): 70 billion US $ 92% of which for civil purposes Industry Universities Source: Federal Government Report on Research 2006

‹Nr.› Structure of the German Research Landscape Fraunhofer Society Leibniz Association Max Planck Society Universities Applied sciencesBasic research AiF Industry Helmholtz Association

‹Nr.› Source: Research funding: Basic concept (simplified schema) Helmholz

‹Nr.› Structure of the Research Funding Source: Federal Government Report on Research 2006

‹Nr.› Industry & Foundations Volkswagen Foundation Investors and Funding Organisations AvH DAAD Regional states BMBF, BMWA,... DFG etc. Primary funding bodies Secondary funding bodies

‹Nr.› Funding via industrial funds  2/3 of the research budget from industry  90% for funding industrial projects (internal/external) 40 % 10 % 17 % 20 % Source: Federal Government Report on Research 2006

‹Nr.› German Research Foundation (DFG) The DFG is the central self-governing scientific institution responsible for funding research at German universities and publically financed research institutions. It serves science in all of its branches, through the financial support of research projects and by funding cooperation between researchers. Annual budget 2005: €1,352 billion Funding budget 2005: €1,304 billion, 99.5 % public funds, 0.5% third-party funds approx. 750 employees Japan: Dr. Krüssmann Source:

‹Nr.› Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH) The AvH is a non-profit foundation that funds international research cooperation, enables highly-qualified scientists from abroad to undertake long-term research visits in Germany and supports the resulting scientific networks. In 2005, the AvH funded approx. 1,800 scientists and students from all over the world. The alumni network of the foundation includes 21,954 academics from all subject areas. 91% public funds, 2.5% third-party funds, 6.5% other funds 120 employees Japan: Dr. Mandela Source:

‹Nr.› By allocating fellowships, the DAAD funds the professional and personal training of young researchers from abroad at German universities and research institutions and enables outstanding German students, trainees, graduates and young scientists and academics to undertake study and research visits to the best international universities. over 50,000 fellowships and grants in 2005 (> 20,000 for Germans, > 30,000 for foreigners) Participation in over 170 scientific and educational trade fairs world wide Annual budget 2005: €247.8 billion 84% public funds, 12% EU, 4% third-party funds approx. 550 employees Japan: Dr. Jansen, Tokyo German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Source:

‹Nr.› Partnerships with Japan and Korea Students, Graduates, Ph.D-candidates, scientists, who participate in exchange activities within a partnership agreement To intesify the personnel exchange on a longterm basis of new or established partnerships, bi- or trilateral between German, Japanese and/or Korean Institutions. Travel and maintenance up to a maximum of € (bilateral), and max € (trilateral) Funding period up to 3 years (flexible time frame up to one year) ; mit-japan-und-korea/05034.de.html forsupporttermMore goal

‹Nr.› Many thanks for your attention!

‹Nr.› Max Planck Society Top-level basic research Research fields: Biosciences, neurosciences, epistemology, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geosciences, computer sciences, humanities and social sciences Funding: 82% public funds (federal and regional), 18% membership fees, donations, project funding, own revenue Annual budget 2006: €1.38 billion 78 research institutions 12,400 employees  Sources:

‹Nr.› Leibniz Association Demand-oriented and inter-disciplinary centers of excellence Research fields/subjects: Art, humanities, education, economic and social sciences, life sciences, mathematics, natural, engineering and environmental sciences Funding: 72% institutional funding 20% third party Annual budget 2005: €1.1 billion 83 institutions 13,700 employees  Sources:

‹Nr.› Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers Deciphering complex systems that determine people and the environment top-level research in six areas: Energy, earth and environment, health, key technologies, structures and materials, transport and space travel Funding: 70% public funds, 30% third-party funds and other revenues Annual budget 2006: €2.25 billion 15 research centers 25,700 employees  Sources:

‹Nr.› Fraunhofer Society Application-oriented research Research fields: Signposts to tomorrow's markets, technological and organisational innovations in Europe, e.g. from virtual companies to mechatronics and energy technologies Annual budget: €125 billion Funding: 40% public funds (30% basic funding), 60% contract research (2/3 industry) 56 research institutions 12,500 employees  Sources:

‹Nr.› Federal and Regional Institutions with R&D Functions 54 federal institutions 201 regional institutions Source:

‹Nr.› Industrial Research in Germany  highly-innovative companies  2 out of 3 companies invest in R&D  strong development of research intensive products (Areas: automobiles, electronics, chemistry and mechanical engineering)

‹Nr.› Institutional Funding The federal and regional governments jointly fund research institutions: Max Planck Society Fraunhofer Society Helmholtz Association Leibniz Association funding bodies for research projects: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) Academy Programme On its own, the federal government, through allocations or the provision of endowment capital, funds funding bodies  AIF; DBU; DSF institutions funding young researchers: German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Working Group for the Promotion of Gifted Students  to ensure the strategic orientation of the research landscape  1/4 of all state funds (federal and regional); 2/3 of which is from the Federal Government Source: etc.

‹Nr.› Project funding  Funding via funding or specialist programmes  resulting from an application for a temporary project  in individual projects or as joint research  Direct project research: in selected research fields, in order to achieve/maintain an internationally high level of performance  Indirect project funding: for technological projects for the development of infrastructures, cooperation and personal exchange  Recipients: Research institutions and companies (esp. KMU)  Implementation: Project organizer (DFG) Source:

‹Nr.› Federal and Regional Institutions with R&D Functions  54 federal and 201 regional institutions  Research with the goal of acquiring scientific knowledge for carrying out the functions of a department or ministry (policy research)  e.g. Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Center for the History and Culture of East Central Europe, Middle East Center, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Institute for Material Engineering Bremen, Institute for Composite Materials Sources: Federal Government Report on Research 2006, DFG Funding-Ranking 2003