ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Justin Ayvazian Ben Johnson Eric Putney Michael Ruth Advisor: Professor Sandip Kundu Friend or Foe Identification

2 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Motivation Deaths per day due to Vehicle Bombings in Iraq 7,000 heavily armored Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles transported into Iraq from 07’ to 08’ Accounts for drop in deaths since 2007 Vehicle hijackings and digital attacks more frequent as a result Prominent in Afghanistan and Pakistan 18 attacks on Pakistani soil, up to 13 vehicles hijacked per attack (From August to November of 07’) Extrapolated, that’s over 2100 vehicles hijacked since August 07’

3 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Problem Statement Identifying Ground Vehicles Hijacking and Bombings Transmission Signal Jamming Eavesdropping Security Hacking Data Encryption and Decryption

4 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 System Block Diagram

5 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Proposed Solution Identification Hashing table – Unique IDs Input/Output “Rose” Vehicle and Base Interaction Output – GPS and Radar Security RC5, CDMA, Frequency Hopping Transmission Amateur Radio, Two way Radio

6 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Alternative Ideas  Identification Hourly Notification Vehicle shutdown  Transmission Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) WiMax (802.20) WiFi(802.11)

7 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 User-Level Diagram

8 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Communication Scheme

9 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Packet Structures  4 message types: Base Module: Request Identification Acknowledge ID/Update Hash Value Vehicle Module: Transmit Identification Acknowledge Hash Update

10 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Encryption  Protect data and transmissions from enemy Have a 2-pronged attack Protect message by encrypting data Encryption Ciphers Protect message by preventing transmission interception Frequency hopping CDMA

11 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Message Encryption  Encryption Requirements Robust Fast Low memory requirements Symmetric Block Cipher  RC5 Lightweight algorithm that provides strong security

12 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 RC5 Encryption  Input parameters Word Size Number of Rounds Key Length  Applies data-dependent transformations  Basic Attributes Simple encryption algorithm Symmetric Block Cipher Performs word-oriented operations Allows implementer to choose encryption parameters Suitable for both hardware and software implementation

13 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Block Diagram—Base Module

14 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Block Diagram—Vehicle Module

15 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 System Requirements  Minimum range of one mile Adequate time to identify vehicles and respond  Dynamic system Communicate with multiple moving vehicles Exponential back-off (not MIMO) Not a data–heavy application Range more important than rate of data transfer  Frequency hopping preferable

16 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Communication System  Omnidirectional antenna Unity gain (approximately isotropic radiation)  Need low power ~1 W  Need available bandwidth Many communications restrictions  Options WiFi as a prototype system Amateur radio 2-way radios

17 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Antenna System  Friis Equation P RX = Power seen at receiver (W) P TX = Power supplied to transmitting antenna (W) G TX = Gain of transmitting antenna (dimensionless) G RX = Gain of receiving antenna (dimensionless) Lambda = wavelength of transmission frequency (m) R = Distance between antennas As lambda increases, the range increases, but so does the required antenna length (for constant Pr, Pt)

18 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Options  Two way radio (example: Cobra PR135) Fully assembled RF module Two mile range Twenty two channels (between 462 MHz and 467 MHz) Maximum SNR is 40 dB Transmitter power is 500 mW  Amateur radio Beyond scope of project and too expensive Nominal power received is.15 uW at one mile (Unity gain antennas, 460 MHz, 150 W)

19 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Software Prototype  Java Sockets to simulate wireless transmissions Opening socket simulated reception of initial request to transmit signal (vehicle in range) Data is sent in a 32 bit packet (Single Int)  Encryption Algorithm is multiplying by -1  Hashing of passwords  Accounts for multiple vehicles at one time

20 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Deliverables Over the Full Year Hardware FPGA and Memory System Transceiver Module GPS Module Software All Software Prototype (Completed) Encryption Algorithm Using RC5 Graphical User Interface Will Expand on in MDR

21 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Cost Estimates  Altera FPGA Starter Kit - $199 includes memory, clock, USB input, power supply, four switches, and four LED’s  Single FPGA ~ $100  Single 256k memory ~ $2  Transceiver module ~ $40

22 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Future Schedule By MDR (Midpoint Design Review) FPGA design (layout) finished Transceiver module design in progress Hardware components selected and ordered Encryption module started GUI completed By CDR (Comprehensive Design Review) Hardware built and implemented Encryption module finished System modules integrated and testing under way By FPR (Final Project Review) Completed project with a working demonstration

23 ECE 415 Senior Design Project Fall 2010 Team Roles  Antenna, Signal Processing, and Power (Justin)  FPGA and Memory Interfacing (Ben)  Encryption Module (Mike)  Overall System Implementation and GUI (Eric)