Systems Development Why is Packaged Software Sometimes Not Enough? Chapter 10

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Objectives 1.Explain the three main reasons why organizations develop new computer systems. 2.Describe why your participation is important during the development of new systems. 3.Describe the 6 phases of the traditional systems development life cycle (SDLC) and define your roles within each as a user.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Objectives cont. 4.Define the concept of prototyping. 5.Define how end user development can be used to develop new computer systems. 6.Explain how organizations can outsource the development of new computer systems.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved A:// Why Organizations Develop Systems To remain efficient To level the competitive playing field To achieve an advantage through innovation

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Developing Systems to Remain Efficient Some organizations develop systems just to be more efficient in their internal processes New system may not yield an advantage in the marketplace New system does add to the bottom line of an organization in terms of dollars

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Developing Systems to Level the Competitive Playing Field Reactionary measure UPS and the U.S. Postal System developed a tracking system similar to FedEx

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Developing a System to Achieve an Advantage Through Innovation Self-scanning systems at the grocery store helped to achieve a competitive advantage People can get through the checkout process quickly

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Making the Grade Section A: // 1. Many organizations today develop some systems just to be more _____________ in their internal processes. 2. When organizations develop new systems just to stay competitive, it is typically a _______________ measure. 3. The best reason for an organization to develop a new system is for the purpose of gaining an _______________ in the marketplace through innovation.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved B:// Why Your Participation is Important You are or will be a: –Business process expert –Quality control analyst –Manager of other people Your participation is important

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Making the Grade Section B: // 1. When you provide input concerning how a computer system should work, you are acting as a ________________________. 2. When you ensure that a system is being developed correctly, you are acting as a ________________________. 3. As a manager of other people, you must ensure that your employees have the _________________ they need to do their work.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved C:// The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle 1.Investigation 2.Analysis 3.Design 4.Construction 5.Implementation 6.Support

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Traditional SDLC

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Richmond Blood Center Current System

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Systems Investigations Phase

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Systems Analysis Phase Don't ignore the current system Develop an understanding of the current and proposed system Employ a modeling system

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Richmond Blood Center Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Systems Design Phase Most of the work at this phase involves a technology specialist A program flowchart is created

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Richmond Blood Center Flowchart

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Intranet Protected by a Firewall Richmond Blood Center

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Systems Construction Phase New system is created Phase that requires the most time

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Systems Implementation Phase New system is brought to life New hardware and software installed Acceptance testing is started Conversion begins

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Conversion Techniques Parallel conversion Plunge conversion Pilot conversion Piecemeal conversion How do these differ?

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Systems Support Phase Decide if new system supports the overall business goals Determine if modifications need to be made

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Support Costs for a System

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Making the Grade Section C: // 1. A ________ feasibility assessment determines if your organization can develop the proposed system while meeting certain deadlines. 2. A ______________ is a technology specialist who understands both technology and business processes.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Making the Grade Section C: // 3. _____________ is a modeling technique for illustrating how information moves through various processes and how people outside the system provide and receive information. 4.Using the _____________ conversion method you literally unplug the old system and use the new system exclusively.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved D:// End User Development An alternative to SDLC The development and support of computer systems by users –Little or no help from technology specialist Employees are empowered to develop small-scale systems Models of proposed system created - prototyping

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Prototyping

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved More on Prototyping Prototyping is popular It is an iterative process in systems development in which you … –Identify basic requirements of the system –Build prototype from basic requirements –Have others review prototype and suggest changes –Refine and enhance the prototype until it is complete

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved End User Development Cycle

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Advantages of End User Development Encourages active user participation Improves requirements determination Strengthens user sense of ownership Increases speed of systems development

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Disadvantages of End User Development Inadequate expertise leads to underdeveloped systems Lack of organizational focus creates "privatized" system Insufficient analysis and design leads to subpar systems

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved IBuy Surge Suppressors and Uninterrupted Power Supplies Surge suppressor –Looks like a strip of electrical outlets –Blocks a sudden surge of electricity Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) –If you lose power, the UPS feeds electricity to device –Can supply from 10 minutes to two hours

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Making the Grade Section D: // 1. ______________ is the development and support of computer systems by users with little or no help from technology specialists. 2. A ______ is a model of a proposed system. 3. In prototyping, you must first identify the ________________. 4. In prototyping, the iterative process occurs between steps _______ and _____________.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved E:// Outsourcing Another alternative to developing a computer system Delegation of work to a group outside of your organization for: 1.A specified period of time 2.A specified cost 3.A specified level of service

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Ways an Organization Can Outsource Purchasing horizontal software Purchasing vertical market software Hiring an outsource vendor to develop from scratch

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved How Outsourcing Compares to SDLC Organization turns over much of work to another source Still responsible for : –Investigation –Analysis –Creating a request for proposal

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Outsourcing Cycle

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Request for Proposal (RFP)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved ISeries Insights Outsourcing Hire another organization to… –Perform processes –Take over business activities –Develop systems Significant downsides for systems development –Competency of outside source –Reliability

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Advantages/Disadvantages of Outsourcing

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Making the Grade Section E: // 1. ____________ is the delegation of work to a group outside your organization. 2. ____________ market software is general business software that has application in many industries. 3. ___________ market software is software that is unique to a particular industry. 4. The most important document in the outsourcing process is a ______________.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved F:// "Key" Key Terms Application programmer (p.10.9) Chief information officer (p. 10.9) Data flow diagramming (p ) Outsourcing (p ) Programmer (p. 10.9) Systems analyst (p ) Traditional systems development life cycle (p ) Vertical marketing (p )

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Frequently Asked Questions I'm not too sure when I would use the SDLC. What is it and what does it do? Are all the steps of the traditional systems development life cycle equally important? Please explain the purpose of a system champion? What is a systems analyst?

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved FAQs cont. What is the difference between an application programmer and a system programmer? I'm confused. Is data flow diagramming the same as flowcharting? Why do many organizations use end user development instead of SDLC? What are horizontal and vertical market software?

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hands-On Projects E-Commerce Use the Internet to find tutorials for products you can use in the classroom: –PowerPoint, Word, and Excel –HTML Locate web sites that sell vitamins. –Can you have vitamins shipped to you regularly? –What if you have health related questions? Is there any support?

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hands-On Projects On the Web Where do you want to work? Find information on companies you would like to work for in the future. What information is published? The Internet has many online English dictionaries. Find 4 and choose which one offers the best service.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hands-On Projects Ethics, Security, & Privacy A fellow student sent you an that had a virus attached. Now your computer has sent the virus to people listed in your online address book. What are you going to do? Should you blame your friend?

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hands-On Projects Ethics, Security, & Privacy You created a PowerPoint presentation at home and thought you saved it to a diskette. When you get to school to make your presentation, the file is not there. Your instructor decides to give you a zero for not having your assignment. He says that many people use this as an excuse. How do you feel about this? What would you do if you were the instructor?

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2002 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Hands-On Projects Group Activities Find a department in your school that would like to change the way they are doing business now. Using the SDLC as your guide, propose a new system for them. What outsourcing vendors are in your area? Call or use the web to locate a couple and find out their expertise, their clients, and the length of time spent on an average job?