The Military in Politics Max Cameron Latin American Politics and Government Poli 332, UBC

Sources of Military Intervention Internal to FFAA - concept of guardianship External - civilian expectations of the military Historical patterns - need for strong government Institutional deficiencies in larger polity

The History of Coups 167 coups in 20th century 1.6 per year, or 8.8 per country Worst decades: ; , Best: since 1990 Explanations: social question, depression, Cuban revolution

Types of Regimes Peronalistic or collegial? Institutional role? Ideological orientation? Type of civilian support?

Inclusionary or Exclusionary? Reformist/inclusionary –Peru Collegial, junior officers at first Institutional with tendency toward division Reformist, Third Worldist Workers, peasants, intellectuals Reactionary/exclusionary –Chile Collegial with strong personalism emerging Institutional, coherent and disciplined Reactionary, forerunner of neoliberalism Business elites, technocrats, US

Wars Against Subversion ( ) Idea of “perception of threat” –Guatemala under Arbenz, Cuban revolution, rise of BA states State of exception or “emergency” Logic of friends versus enemies Concept of total war: the Shining Path in Peru

Aftermath of Internal War: Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation or Impunity and Amnesia? Trade offs between truth and justice Strategic logics and coalitions Cases: –Punto Final in Argentina –Rettig Commission in Chile –Peace Accords in Guatemala –Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Peru

Military in Politics Today Military control –None. There are no military regimes Military tutelage –Central America: e.g. Guatemala Conditional subordination –Andes: Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, Chile Civilian control –Costa Rica, Uruguay

A new era? Election of Piñera in Chile Military support for Evo Morales Chavez and the military Parapolitica scandal in Colombia Coup in Honduras