1 Retrieval: Getting Information Out Module 27. 2 Retrieval: Getting Information Out  Retrieval Cues.

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Presentation transcript:

1 Retrieval: Getting Information Out Module 27

2 Retrieval: Getting Information Out  Retrieval Cues

3 Retrieval: Getting Information Out Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store. Spanky’s Yearbook Archive

4 Measures of Memory In recognition the person has to identify an item amongst others. E.g., a multiple-choice test 1.Name the capital of France a.Brussels b.Rome c.London d.Paris

5 Measures of Memory In recall the person must retrieve information using effort with very few external cues. E.g., an essay test. A fill-in-the blank test requires (cued) recall. 1.The capital of France is ______.

6 Measures of Memory In relearning the individual shows how much time (or effort) is saved when learning material a second time. List Jet Dagger Tree Kite … Silk Frog Ring It took 10 trials to learn this list List Jet Dagger Tree Kite … Silk Frog Ring It took 5 trials to learn the list 1 day later Saving Original Trials Relearning Trials Relearning Trials % X 100

7 Retrieval Cues Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory. Fire Truck truck red fire heat smoke smell water hose

8 Priming To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you first need to activate one of the strands that lead to it, a process called priming.

9 Context Effects (encoding specificity) Scuba divers recalled more words underwater if they learnt the list underwater, and recalled more words on land if they learned the list on land (Godden & Baddeley, 1975). Fred McConnaughey/ Photo Researchers

10 Déja Vu Déja Vu means “"I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience. © The New Yorker Collection, Leo Cullum from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved

11 Context Effects After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants most strongly responded when retested in the same rather than a different context (Butler & Rovee-Collier, 1989). Courtesy of Carolyn Rovee-Collier, Rutgers University

12 Moods and Memories (state-dependent memory) Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood. Emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues. Jorgen Schytte/ Still Pictures