Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:  Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;  Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;  Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Conceptions of Adolescence  Biological Perspective  Puberty  Storm and stress  Freud – genital stage  Social Perspective  Social and cultural influences  Balanced Point of View  Both biological and social influences  Biological Perspective  Puberty  Storm and stress  Freud – genital stage  Social Perspective  Social and cultural influences  Balanced Point of View  Both biological and social influences

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Three Phases of Adolescence Early to 14 years Rapid pubertal change Middle 14 to 16 years Puberty nearly complete Late 16 to 18 years  Full adult appearance  Anticipation of adult roles

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hormonal Changes in Puberty  Estrogens  More in girls  Adrenal estrogens  Androgens  More in boys  Testosterone  Growth Hormone and Thryoxine increase around age 8 – 9

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sex Differences in Body Growth in Adolescence BoysGirls Growth Spurt Starts age 12-1/2Starts age 10 Proportions Shoulders broaden Longer legs Hips broaden Muscle-Fat Makeup Gain more muscle, aerobic efficiency Gain more fat

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sports Participation in High School

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sexual Maturation Primary Sexual Characteristics  Maturation of the reproductive organs  Girls: menarche  Boys: spermarche Primary Sexual Characteristics  Maturation of the reproductive organs  Girls: menarche  Boys: spermarche Secondary Sexual Characteristics  Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity  Girls: breasts  Boys: facial hair, voice change  Both: underarm hair Secondary Sexual Characteristics  Other visible parts of the body that signal sexual maturity  Girls: breasts  Boys: facial hair, voice change  Both: underarm hair

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Individual Differences in Timing of Puberty  Heredity  Nutrition, exercise  Body fat, leptin in girls  Geographical location  SES  Ethnic group  Family experiences  Secular trend  Heredity  Nutrition, exercise  Body fat, leptin in girls  Geographical location  SES  Ethnic group  Family experiences  Secular trend

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Brain Development Pruning continues Frontal lobes Cognitive advances:  Attention  Planning  Integrating information  Self-regulation Growth & myelination speed up Strengthen connections among regions Neurotransmitter response changes More sensitive to excitatory messages Intensifies reactions to  Stress  Pleasure, novelty

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sleep Habits in Adolescence  Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later  Biological “phase delay”  Social habits  Still need almost as much sleep, but go to bed later  Biological “phase delay”  Social habits  Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention, emotion  Lower achievement  Mood problems  High-risk behavior  Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention, emotion  Lower achievement  Mood problems  High-risk behavior

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Reactions to Puberty Girls  Surprise  More positive than in past  Preparation, information help  Father’s involvement helps Boys  Mixed reactions  Sooner than expected  Preparation helps  Could benefit from telling people

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Moodiness  More negative life events  Stronger responses  Moods swings  Related to daily events

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Emotions Across the Week

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Parent-Child Relationships During Adolescence  Rise in conflict  Psychological distancing  Different views of teen readiness for responsibility  Most conflict is mild  Also affection, support

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Consequences of Timing of Puberty Girls Boys Early Maturing Unpopular, withdrawn, low confidence More deviant behavior Negative body image More long-term problems Popular Confident, independent Positive body image Late Maturing Popular Sociable, lively. school leaders Positive body image Unpopular Anxious, talkative, attention-seeking Negative body image

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Factors in Reactions to Timing of Puberty  Physical attractiveness – body image  Girls: most want to be thinner, smaller  Boys: most want to be bigger  Fitting in with peers  Prefer similar level of physical maturity  Physical attractiveness – body image  Girls: most want to be thinner, smaller  Boys: most want to be bigger  Fitting in with peers  Prefer similar level of physical maturity

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Nutrition in Adolescence  Calorie needs increase  Poor food choices common  Less fruits, vegetables, milk, breakfast  More soda, fast food  Iron, vitamin deficiencies  Eating with family can help  Calorie needs increase  Poor food choices common  Less fruits, vegetables, milk, breakfast  More soda, fast food  Iron, vitamin deficiencies  Eating with family can help

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Eating Disorders  Anorexia nervosa Starve out of fear of getting fat  Bulimia nervosa Strict diet and exercise, binge and purge  Anorexia nervosa Starve out of fear of getting fat  Bulimia nervosa Strict diet and exercise, binge and purge

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Sexuality  North American attitudes relatively restrictive  Media contradicts family messages  Abstinence programs  More liberal over past 40 years  Most say premarital sex OK for committed partners  Activity matches attitudes  Rates declining since 1990s  Few partners  Americans more than Canadians  North American attitudes relatively restrictive  Media contradicts family messages  Abstinence programs  More liberal over past 40 years  Most say premarital sex OK for committed partners  Activity matches attitudes  Rates declining since 1990s  Few partners  Americans more than Canadians

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Talking to Adolescents About Sex  Foster open communication  Use correct terms  Listen, discuss, collaborate  Think before talking  Keep conversations going  Foster open communication  Use correct terms  Listen, discuss, collaborate  Think before talking  Keep conversations going

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Percentages of Girls Who Have Had Sex

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Contraceptive Use  Recent increase in contraceptive use  Still, 27% American, 13% Canadian do not use  Reasons for not using:  Concern about image  Adolescent risk taking  Social environment  Forced intercourse

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Characteristics of Sexually Active Adolescents Personal Early puberty Tendency to violate norms Little religious involvement Family Step, single-parent, or large family Weak parental monitoring, parent-child communication Peer Sexually active friends or siblings Educational Poor school performance Low educational goals

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sequence of Coming Out  Feeling Different ages 6–12  Confusion ages 11–15  Acceptance timing varies  Feeling Different ages 6–12  Confusion ages 11–15  Acceptance timing varies

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Most Common STDs  AIDS  Chlamydia  Cytomegalovirus  Genital warts  Gonorrhea  Herpes simplex 2  Syphilis  AIDS  Chlamydia  Cytomegalovirus  Genital warts  Gonorrhea  Herpes simplex 2  Syphilis

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Pregnancy Statistics Teens pregnant each yearU.S ,000 (30,000 under age 15) Canada - about 450,000 Percent of teen pregnancies ended with abortion 40% - U.S. 50% - Canada Percent of teen mothers who are unmarried 85% Repeat teen births20%

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Risks for Teen Mothers  Less educational achievement  More time as single parents  Economic problems  Pregnancy and birth complications  Lack of parenting skills  Less educational achievement  More time as single parents  Economic problems  Pregnancy and birth complications  Lack of parenting skills

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Pregnancy Rates Among 15- to 19-Year-Olds

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Help for Teen Pregnancy Prevention Strategies  More sex education  Skills for handling sexual situations  Promoting abstinence  Info. & access to contraceptives  Academic & social competence  School involvement Prevention Strategies  More sex education  Skills for handling sexual situations  Promoting abstinence  Info. & access to contraceptives  Academic & social competence  School involvement Intervention with Teenage Parents  Health care  Help staying in school  Job & life-management training  Parenting instruction  Child care  Adult mentors  Father support

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Substance Use  Have tried, by grade 10:  Cigarettes – 40%  Alcohol – 63%  Illegal drugs – 38%  By end of high school:  14% smoke regularly  28% recent heavy drinking  50%+ tried illegal drugs  Have tried, by grade 10:  Cigarettes – 40%  Alcohol – 63%  Illegal drugs – 38%  By end of high school:  14% smoke regularly  28% recent heavy drinking  50%+ tried illegal drugs

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Adolescent Substance Abusers Compared to experimenters  More antisocial, impulsive acts  Start earlier  More likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factors Compared to experimenters  More antisocial, impulsive acts  Start earlier  More likely to be affected by genetic and environmental factors

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Piaget’s Theory: Formal Operational Stage  Propositional Thought  Evaluating the logic of verbal propositions Hypothetico-deductive reasoning Deducing hypotheses from a general theory Pendulum problem

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Piaget’s Pendulum Problem

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Follow-up Research on Formal Operational Thought  School-age children start developing abstract thinking skills  Problems with propositional thinking  Logical necessity  School-age children start developing abstract thinking skills  Problems with propositional thinking  Logical necessity  Formal operations may not be universal  Training, context contribute  Often fall back on easier thinking  Formal operations may not be universal  Training, context contribute  Often fall back on easier thinking

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Information Processing Improvements in Adolescence  Attention  Inhibition  Memory strategies  Knowledge  Metacognition  Attention  Inhibition  Memory strategies  Knowledge  Metacognition  Cognitive self- regulation  Processing capacity  Speed of thinking  Cognitive self- regulation  Processing capacity  Speed of thinking

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Scientific Reasoning  Coordinating Theory with Evidence  Improves with Age  From childhood through adulthood  Individuals vary  Contributing factors  Working memory capacity  Exposure to complex problems  Metacognitive understanding  Open-mindedness  Coordinating Theory with Evidence  Improves with Age  From childhood through adulthood  Individuals vary  Contributing factors  Working memory capacity  Exposure to complex problems  Metacognitive understanding  Open-mindedness

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Scientific Reasoning Task

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Consequences of Abstract Thought  Self-Consciousness & Self-Focusing  Imaginary audience  Sensitivity to criticism  Personal fable  Idealism and Criticism  Planning and Decision Making  Inexperience  Overwhelming options  Self-Consciousness & Self-Focusing  Imaginary audience  Sensitivity to criticism  Personal fable  Idealism and Criticism  Planning and Decision Making  Inexperience  Overwhelming options

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sex Differences in Mental Abilities SkillPerformanceBiological Influences Environmental Influences Verbal Girls do better from early ages, throughout school Girls: advantage in left hemisphere of brain  Parents talk more to girls  Language arts considered “feminine” Math  Boys better at abstract reasoning  Gap larger at higher levels, although shrinking Boys: better numerical memory, spatial reasoning  Mathematics considered “masculine.”  Parents see boys as better at math

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Gender Differences in Reading and Writing

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 School Transitions in Adolescence  Grades decline with each transition  Higher standards  Less supportive teaching- learning environment  Lower self esteem  More with 6 – 3 – 3 organization than 8 – 4  Girls more than boys  Grades decline with each transition  Higher standards  Less supportive teaching- learning environment  Lower self esteem  More with 6 – 3 – 3 organization than 8 – 4  Girls more than boys

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 School Transitions and Students with Problems

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Helping Adolescents Adjust to School Transitions  Parental involvement, monitoring  Smaller units within schools  Homeroom teacher relationships  Classes with familiar peers  Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school  Parental involvement, monitoring  Smaller units within schools  Homeroom teacher relationships  Classes with familiar peers  Minimize competition, treatment by ability at school

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Supporting Academic Achievement  Child-rearing practices  Authoritative  Joint decision making  Parent-school partnerships  School characteristics  Classroom learning experiences  Teaching  Tracking  Child-rearing practices  Authoritative  Joint decision making  Parent-school partnerships  School characteristics  Classroom learning experiences  Teaching  Tracking  Peer influences  Value high achievement  Employment schedule  Vocational education  Peer influences  Value high achievement  Employment schedule  Vocational education

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 High School Graduation Rates

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Drop-Out Rates

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Dropout Prevention Strategies  Address factors in students’ lives outside school  Extracurricular activities  Address factors in students’ lives outside school  Extracurricular activities  High-quality vocational training  Remedial instruction  Personalized counseling  High-quality vocational training  Remedial instruction  Personalized counseling

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Benefits of Extracurricular Activities  Less antisocial behavior  Improved family relationships  Higher achievement later in life  Less antisocial behavior  Improved family relationships  Higher achievement later in life  Academic performance  Social skills, peer acceptance  Self esteem, confidence  Academic performance  Social skills, peer acceptance  Self esteem, confidence