(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 1 Chapter 11 Corporate Income Taxes Income tax rates Average vs. Marginal tax rates Gains taxes Income tax rate for economic analysis

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 2 Corporate Income Taxes (Year 2000) CompanyGross Income Taxable Income Taxes Net Income Average Tax Rate Intel $33,726$15,141$4,606$10, % Cisco 18,9204,3431,6752, % Amazon 2,762(1,707)0(1,411)0% Broadcom 1, % Oracle 17,173101,2323,8276, % (dollars in millions)

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 3 Taxable Income and Income Taxes Gross Income Expenses Cost of goods sold (revenues) Depreciation Operating expenses Taxable income Income taxes Net income Item

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 4 Example Net Income Calculation ItemAmount Gross income (revenue)$50,000 Expenses Cost of goods sold Depreciation Operating expenses 20,000 4,000 6,000 Taxable income20,000 Taxes (40%)8,000 Net income$12,000

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 5 Capital Expenditure versus Depreciation Expenses $4,000 $6,850 $4,900 $3,500$2,500 $1,250 $28,000 Capital expenditure (actual cash flow) Allowed depreciation expenses (not cash flow)

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 6 Cash Flow vs. Net Income Net income : Net income is an accounting means of measuring a firm’s profitability based on the matching concept. Costs become expenses as they are matched against revenue. The actual timing of cash inflows and outflows are ignored. Cash flow : Given the time value of money, it is better to receive cash now than later, because cash can be invested to earn more money. So, it is desirable why cash flows are relevant data to use in project evaluation.

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 7 Why Do We Use Cash Flow in Project Evaluation? Company ACompany B Year 1Net income Cash flow $1,000,000 1,000,000 $1,000,000 0 Year 2Net income Cash flow 1,000,000 2,000,000 Example: Both companies (A & B) have the same amount of net income and cash sum over 2 years, but Company A returns $1 million cash yearly, while Company B returns $2 million at the end of 2 nd year. Company A can invest $1 million in year 1, while Company B has nothing to invest during the same period.

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 8 Example 11.2 – Cash Flow versus Net Income ItemIncomeCash Flow Gross income (revenue$50,000 Expenses Cost of goods sold Depreciation Operating expenses 20,000 4,000 6, ,000 -6,000 Taxable income20,000 Taxes (40%)8,000-8,000 Net income$12,000 Net cash flow$16,000

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 9 Net income versus net cash flow $0 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $8,000 $6,000 $20,000 Net income Depreciation Income taxes Operating expenses Cost of goods sold Net cash flow Gross revenue $4,000 $12,000 Net cash flows = Net income + non-cash expense (depreciation)

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 10 U.S. Corporate Tax Rate (2001) Taxable income 0-$50,000 $50,001-$75,000 $75,001-$100,000 $100,001-$335,000 $335,001-$10,000,000 $10,000,001-$15,000,000 $15,000,001-$18,333,333 $18,333,334 and Up Tax rate 15% 25% 34% 39% 34% 35% 38% 35% Tax computation $ (  $7, (  $13, (  $22,  $113,  $3,400,  $5,150,  $6,416,  (  denotes the taxable income in excess of the lower bound of each tax bracket

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 11 Marginal and Effective (Average) Tax Rate for a Taxable Income of $16,000,000 Taxable incomeMarginal Tax Rate Amount of TaxesCumulative Taxes First $50,00015%$7,500 Next $25,00025%6,25013,750 Next $25,00034%8,50022,250 Next $235,00039%91,650113,900 Next $9,665,00034%3,286,1003,400,000 Next $5,000,00035%1,750,0005,150,000 Remaining $1,000,000 38%380,000$5,530,000

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 12 Example Corporate Income Taxes Facts: Capital expenditure$100,000 (allowed depreciation) $58,000 Gross Sales revenue $1,250,000 Expenses: Cost of goods sold$840,000 Depreciation $58,000 Leasing warehouse $20,000 Question: Taxable income?

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 13 Taxable income: Gross income$1,250,000 - Expenses: (cost of goods sold) $840,000 (depreciation) $58,000 (leasing expense) $20,000 Taxable income $332,000 Income taxes: First 15% $7,500 25% $6,250 34% $8,500 39% $90,480 Total taxes $112,730

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 14 Average tax rate: Total taxes=$112,730 Taxable income =$332,000 Marginal tax rate: Tax rate that is applied to the last dollar earned 39%

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 15 Disposal of Depreciable Asset If a MACRS asset is disposed of during the recovery period, Personal property: the half-year convention is applied to depreciation amount for the year of disposal. Real property: the mid-month convention is applied to the month of disposal.

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 16 Disposal of a MACRS Property and Its Effect on Depreciation Allowances

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 17 Depreciation recapture Gains = Salvage value – book value = (Salvage value - cost basis) Capital gains + (Cost basis – book value) Ordinary gains Depreciation recapture is taxed as ordinary income.

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 18 Capital Gains and Ordinary Gains Cost basis Book valueSalvage value Capital gains Ordinary gains or depreciation recapture Total gains

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 19 Gains or Losses on Depreciable Asset Example 11.5: A Drill press: $230,000 Project year: 3 years MACRS:7-year property class Salvage value:$150,000 at the end of Year Full Half Total Dep. = 230,000( /2) = $109,308 Book Value = 230, ,308 = $120,693 Gains = Salvage Value - Book Value = $150,000 - $120,693 = $29,308 Gains Tax (34%) = 0.34 ($29,308) = $9,965 Net Proceeds from sale = $150,000 - $9,965 = $140,035

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 20 Calculation of Gains or Losses on MACRS Property

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 21 How to Determine Income Tax Rate to be Used in Economic Analysis? Regular Business Project Revenues Expenses $200,000 $130,000 $40,000 $20,000 Taxable Income Income Taxes $70,000 $12,500 $20,000 ?

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 22 Incremental Income Tax Rate Before Undertaking Project After Undertaking Project The Effect of Project Gross revenue$200,000$240,000$40,000 Expenses130,000150,00020,000 Taxable income$70,000$90,000$20,000 Income taxes$12,500$18,850$6,350 Average tax rate 17.86% 20.94% 31.75%

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 23 BeforeAfterIncremental Taxable income$70,000$90,000$20,000 Income taxes12,50018,8506,350 Average tax rate17.86%20.94% Incremental tax rate31.75% $0 $20,000$40,000$60,000$80,000$100,000 Regular income from operation $20,000 incremental taxable income due to undertaking project Marginal tax rate 15%25%34% $5,000 at 25% $15,000 at 34% 0.25($5,000/$20,000) ($15,000/$20,000) = 31.75%

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 24 Summary Explicit consideration of taxes is a necessary aspect of any complete economic study of an investment project. Once we understand that depreciation has a significant influence on the income and cash position of a firm, we will be able to appreciate fully the importance of utilizing depreciation as a means to maximize the value both of engineering projects and of the organization as a whole.

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 25 For corporations, the U.S. tax system has the following characteristics: 1. Tax rates are progressive: The more you earn, the more you pay. 2. Tax rates increase in stair-step fashion: four brackets for corporations and two additional surtax brackets, giving a total of six brackets. 3. Allowable exemptions and deductions may reduce the overall tax assessment.

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 26 Marginal tax rate is the rate applied to the last dollar of income earned; Average (effective) tax rate is the ratio of income tax paid to net income; and Incremental tax rate is the average rate applied to the incremental income generated by a new investment project. Capital gains are currently taxed as ordinary income, and the maximum rate is capped at 35%. Capital losses are deducted from capital gains; net remaining losses may be carried backward and forward for consideration in years other than the current tax year.

(c) 2001 Contemporary Engineering Economics 27 An investment tax credit is a direct reduction of income taxes payable, arising from the acquisition of depreciable assets. Government uses the investment tax credit to stimulate investments in specific assets or in specific industries.