The Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Cash Flow Standard measure of cash flow: (Rev – OpCost)(1-t c ) + t c Dep - NWC – Capex OCF Ignore for now
Equity Cash Flow Alternatively, cash flow to equityholders = (Rev – OpCost – R B B)(1-t c ) + t c Dep = (Rev – OpCost)(1-t c ) + t c Dep – R B B(1-t c ) = OCF – R B (1-t c )B
Equity Market Value Mkt Value Bal. Sheet B A __SV To calculate value of S: Discount cash flow to equityholders at cost of equity, R S
Calculating Market Value
Calculating Market Value (cont.) Conclusion: To estimate total market value, discount OCF at weighted ave. cost of capital
Weighted Ave. Cost of Capital (WACC) Use market value weights Use after-tax cost of debt Discount OCF (financing mix is captured in the discount rate)
Estimating Cost of Debt Use current bond yield, not the coupon rate on already outstanding debt We are trying to estimate the required return on newly-issued securities
Estimating Cost of Equity Two possibilities for estimating R S –Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) –Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
Potential Pitfalls CAPM: –Beta should reflect business risk and financing characteristics of project (not the firm that undertakes it) –What debt ratio can the project support? DDM: –Watch out for growth rate estimate
Determining Project Cost of Capital Stand –alone principle: value projects as if they were separate subsidiaries with their own capital structures –What does the project contribute to company’s systematic risk? Business risk Financial risk –What does the project contribute to company’s debt capacity?
Inappropriate Use of Firm WACC When Project Risks Differ (Fig. 12.7) Expected Return SML B RWACC = 15% A R F = 7% Beta Firm Beta