A Brief Historical Overview The USDA and Land-Grant University System Partnership in Support of AgriLife Extension: A Brief Historical Overview Improving Lives. Improving Texas.

Mission To provide quality, relevant outreach and continuing educational programs and services to the people of Texas. It is important that our volunteers know the mission of our agency. This drives what we do.

What is Cooperative Extension? Cooperative Extension is an organizational entity of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Land-Grant University System created under provisions of the Smith-Lever Act (1914) Extension was created as part of the Land-Grant University in each state to interpret, disseminate, and promote practical use of knowledge to improve the quality of life for all citizens. What is Cooperative Extension? Cooperative Extension is an organizational entity of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Land-Grant University System created under provisions of the Smith-Lever Act (1914) and subsequent related legislation. Extension was created as an organic part of the Land-Grant University in each state to interpret, disseminate, and promote practical use of knowledge to improve the quality of life for all citizens. The Cooperative Extension System is unique in structure and function. It consists of county Extension agents located in 3,000 counties across the country and Extension specialists at each state’s Land-Grant University or in regional locations within the state. Local Extension agents draw upon their expertise, the expertise of specialists, and the knowledge resources of the Land-Grant University to provide information and educational programs which address local citizens’ issues and problems. Extension agents and specialists are also linked in regional and national networks and the USDA. This integration of teaching, research, and public service enables the Cooperative Extension System to respond to critical, emerging issues with research-based information.

Morrill Act The Morrill Act of 1862 provided for at least one college in each state to be established to teach items such as agriculture and the mechanic arts. The federal support provided was to be the income from public lands (30,000 acres or equivalent in scrip for each representative and senator) made available to each state. Morrill Act - The Morrill Act of 1862 provided for at least one college in each state to be established where “the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific or classical studies, to teach such branches as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts.” The federal support provided was to be the income from public lands (30,000 acres or equivalent in scrip for each representative and senator) made available to each state. So the question to ask here is, “what is the Land-Grant University that was established in 1862 through the Morrill Act in Texas? The Answer: Texas A&M.

Hatch Act In 1887, the Hatch Act allowed for the establishment of Agricultural Experiment Stations at one Land-Grant College per state. This established agricultural research as a function of the Land-Grant University. Demonstrations were used as a teaching methodology, W.C. Stallings was the nation’s first County Demonstration Agent, hired in Texas in 1906. Hatch Act - In 1887, the Hatch Act allowed for the establishment of Agricultural Experiment Stations at one Land-Grant College in each state. This established agricultural research as a recognized function of the Land-Grant University. Farmers’ Institutes became one of the primary means of disseminating research findings of Experiment Stations to general audiences. Demonstrations were used as a teaching methodology, and soon “demonstration agents” were being hired with public and private funding. W.C. Stallings was the nation’s first County Demonstration Agent, hired in Texas in 1906. Extension work began to flourish in many states, leading to public support for establishment of an extension system.

Second Morrill Act In 1890 the Second Morrill Act was passed, supplementing by direct appropriation the income from the land-grants. States had to show that race or color was not a criterion for admission or designate a separate land-grant college for blacks in order to receive the money. The then-segregated Southern states thus opened or designated colleges which became known as “the 1890 Land-Grants.” Second Morrill Act – In 1890 the Second Morrill Act was passed, supplementing by direct appropriation the income from the land-grants. States had to show that race or color was not a criterion for admission or designate a separate land-grant college for blacks in order to receive the money. The then-segregated Southern states thus opened or designated colleges which became known as “the 1890 Land-Grants.” So the question to ask here is, “what is the 1890 Land-Grant University that was established in Texas The Answer: Prairie A&M University.

Smith-Lever Act The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 provided cooperation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Land-Grant Colleges in conducting ag. extension work. It specified that the work “. . .shall consist of instruction and practical demonstration in agriculture and home economics to persons not attending or resident in said colleges in the several communities, and imparting to such persons information on said subjects through field demonstrations, publications and other wise . . . .” Smith-Lever Act - The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 provided for mutual cooperation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Land-Grant Colleges in conducting agricultural extension work. It specified that the work “. . .shall consist of instruction and practical demonstration in agriculture and home economics to persons not attending or resident in said colleges in the several communities, and imparting to such persons information on said subjects through field demonstrations, publications and other wise . . . .”

The Structure of the Land Grant University Morrill Act -1862 Hatch Act - 1887 TEACHING RESEARCH This is just a picture to help drive home the message of the three pieces of the Land-Grant System, so everyone can see the connection. EXTENSION Smith – Lever Act - 1914

Seaman Knapp “What a man hears, he may doubt. What he sees, he may possibly doubt. What he does himself, he cannot doubt.” “Let it be the high privilege of the great and free people to establish a republic where rural pride is equal civic pride, where men of the most refined taste and culture select the rural villa, and where the wealth that comes from the soil finds its greatest return in developing and perfecting that great domain of nature which God has given to us an everlasting estate.........” a quote from S. A. Knapp taken from Martin (1933). 1833 Born in Schroon, Essex County, NY 1856 Graduated from Union College, Schenectady, NY 1856 - 1866 Taught School in New York and Vermont 1866 Moved to Iowa to Farm Corn and Raise Pigs 1869 - 1875 Superintendent for the Iowa College for the Blind 1876 - 1879 Editor of Western Stock Holders and Farmer’s Journal 1879 - 1883 Professor of Agriculture, Iowa State College 1884 - 1885 College President, Iowa State College 1885 - 1903 Director of Colonization Effort in Louisiana 1904 Established first Demonstration in Kaufman County, TX 1904 - 1911 National Demonstration Leader April 1911 Died Major Accomplishments Developed a school for girls (Ripley Female School), around 1860 Established agriculture demonstration through federal funding, early 1880's Helped author the Experiment Station Act, 1882 Heavily involved directly and indirectly in the Hatch Act of 1887 Provided crop demonstration work with rice while in Louisiana, 1885 - 1903 Founded the Southwestern Rice Industry, 1885 - 1903 Assisted in the developed the first county demonstration work, 1903 Organized the “U.S.D.A. Demonstration System”, 1904 Instrumental in the Smith-Lever Act, 1914 (after his death) Instrumental in the Extension Service Administrators Farm Adjustment Act in counties, 1933 (after his death) The Father of Cooperative Extension (1833-1911)

Smith-Lever Act: Defining the Mandate Serve Agriculture and the Public Define Agriculture Broadly Enhance Human Development Meet Local Problems Smith-Lever Act: Defining the Mandate While the authors of the enabling legislation for Cooperative Extension could not foresee the future, the mandates implicit within the legislation is as applicable today as in 1914: Serve Agriculture and the Public - The Smith-Lever Act gave Extension a very broad clientele base—“the people of the United States”—yet also specified that its programs should be concerned with “agriculture and home economics and subjects relating thereto.” Define Agriculture Broadly - The term “agriculture” was used in a comprehensive sense in the Smith-Lever Act and subsequent legislation to include producing, processing and marketing farm and forest products, plus those businesses and industries concerned with supplying the resources needs in the production and marketing process. For example, the report by Mr. Lever of the House Committee on December 8, 1913 stated: “To teach the farmer the best methods of increasing production is exceedingly important, but not more vitally so than is the importance of teaching him the best and most economical methods of distribution. It is not enough to teach him how to grow bigger crops. He must be taught how to get the true value for these bigger crops . . . . (The Extension agent) will be expected to give as much thought to the economic side of agriculture—the marketing, standardizing, and grading of farm products—as he gives to the matter of larger acreage yields.” Enhance Human Development - In the same report, Representative Lever further defined the role of the Extension agent: “He is to assume leadership in every movement, whatever it may be, the aim of which is better farming, better living, more happiness, more education and better citizenship.” This broad and significant leadership challenge was applied first to teaching home economics or home management to farm women, and to programs aimed at youth. The underlying mandate is to provide educational programs for individuals and families which will enhance human development and maximize the individual’s contribution to society. In this way, Cooperative Extension “clearly fits into the ranks of institutions established by the federal government to stimulate national growth by helping the individual.” Meet Local Problems - Section 8 of the Smith-Lever Act establishes the obligation of Extension to provide “ . . . Assistance an counseling to local groups in appraising resources for capability of improvements in agriculture or introduction of industry designed to supplement farm income; . . . cooperation with other agencies and groups in furnishing all possible information as to existing employment opportunities, particularly to farm families . . . .” This section establishes the need for additional assistance in areas faced with special or unusual hardships, and acknowledges Extension’s role in working with groups as well as individuals in meeting local problems.

Programmatic Efforts Adjust to People’s Needs World War I 1920s Great Depression New Deal Era 1950s and 60s 1960s 1970s and 80s 1990s 2000s While the nation’s needs have changed, Extension has grown and evolved to address them. As a unique achievement in American education, the Cooperative Extension System continues its longstanding tradition of “extending the university to the people” to improve the quality of life for individuals, families and youth, agricultural producers, business and communities.

World War I Extension mobilized war food production efforts and stressed food production, preservation and clothing conservation projects among adults and 4-H youth. World War I – Extension mobilized war food production efforts and stressed food production, preservation and clothing conservation projects among adults and 4-H youth.

1920’s & The Great Depression A farm depression changed emphasis from production to economic concerns and farm efficiency Unable to hire professionals, extension called upon volunteers which stimulated rural leadership development. 1920s – A farm depression changed emphasis from production to economic concerns, farm efficiency and the quality of rural life. Unable to hire professionals, extension called upon volunteers which stimulated rural leadership development. Extension helped farmers organize cooperatives, many of which continue to operate today. Great Depression – Extension was called upon to manage the Farm Seed and Loan Program; home economics programs helped families with self-sufficiency and stretching resources.

1920’s & The Great Depression Extension helped farmers organize cooperatives, many of which continue to operate today Extension was called upon to manage the Farm Seed and Loan Program Home economics programs helped families with self-sufficiency and stretching resources. Great Depression – Extension was called upon to manage the Farm Seed and Loan Program; home economics programs helped families with self-sufficiency and stretching resources.

New Deal Era Extension became involved in the management of federal programs such as: Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Soil Conservation Service, and Farmers Home Administration. New Deal Era – Extension became involved in the management of federal programs such as the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, Soil Conservation Service, and Farmers Home Administration.

1950s and 60s Extension promoted a revolution in ag. production, showing farmers how to combine new technology and better farm management practices for vastly greater productivity. Extension initiated the federally-funded Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to improve the nutrition and health of low-income families living in the inner cities. The program is deemed among the most successful of the “Great Society” era. 1950s and 60s – Extension promoted a revolution in agricultural production, showing farmers how to combine new technology and better farm management practices for vastly greater productivity which built the nation’s powerhouse agricultural economy. 1960s – Extension initiated the federally-funded Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP) to improve the nutrition and health of low-income families living in the inner cities. The program is deemed among the most successful of the “Great Society” era.

1970-1980’s Extension worked with farmers to introduce strategies for sustainable agriculture and use Integrated Pest Management to minimize conventional sue of chemical pesticides and fertilizers Extension also worked extensively with families to develop financial plans for surviving the 1980’s farm crisis. 1970s and 80s – Extension worked with farmers to introduce strategies for sustainable agriculture and use Integrated Pest Management to minimize conventional sue of chemical pesticides and fertilizers; Extension also worked extensively with families to develop financial plans for surviving the 1980’s farm crisis.

1990’s Extension initiatives to improve water supply and quality, and to enhance water and air quality became even more important as rapidly urbanizing areas expanded into formerly rural lands. 1990s – Extension initiatives to improve water supply and quality, and to enhance water and air quality became even more important as rapidly urbanizing areas expanded into formerly rural lands.

2000’s Extension is addressing contemporary issues such as agro-terrorism and homeland security; preventing childhood obesity; diet and health issues. 2000s – Extension is addressing contemporary issues such as agro-terrorism and homeland security; preventing childhood obesity; diet and health issues.

What are the base programs? Agriculture & Natural Resources Family and Consumer Sciences 4-H & Youth Development Community Development These are the four base educational programs provided by Texas Cooperative Extension. This is intended to show the growth and dimension of our program. It is important to point out that the program still has a strong and rich history in production agriculture, the agency has evolved to dealing with environmental issues, water issues, and protecting natural resources. Moreover, the family & Consumer Science

What do volunteers do for Texas AgriLife Extension? Extend services to clientele Effective spokespersons to the community Effective spokespersons to stakeholders Bring organization perspective to program Concentrate their time and effort on specific subject matter / program / job A recent study on Extension volunteers indicated that our volunteer base enjoy doing these give items. Extending services can range from teaching, to driving, to putting stamps on envelopes. The next session will look much more closely at these “services” and discuss how volunteers fit specifically into Cooperative Extension’s system.

Extension History Jeopardy It’s not too early to start preparing yourself for the test. Use this game as a valuable pre-test for the first exam!

What are outreach and continuing education? The mission of Texas Cooperative Extension is to provide quality _(1)_ and _(2)_ programs and services to the people of Texas. What are outreach and continuing education?

Cooperative Extension is an entity of the USDA and the Land-Grant University System created under the provisions of this act. What is the Smith-Lever Act (1914)?

What are agriculture and The Morrill Act of 1862 provided at least one college in each state to teach _(1)_ and _(2)_. What are agriculture and mechanical arts?

This act allowed for the establishment of Ag Experiment Stations – which established Ag research as a function of the Land Grant University. What is the Hatch Act (1887)?

Through the Second Morrill Act (1890), Land Grant Universities began to receive government funding to supplement its income. However, states had to show that _(1)_ and _(2)_ were not a criterion for admission. What are race and color?

What is the Smith-Lever Act (1914)? This act initiated the agricultural extension work by the Land-Grant Universities. What is the Smith-Lever Act (1914)?

The structure of the Land-Grant University can be signified by a triangle. The sides of the triangle include these three components. What is… TEACHING RESEARCH EXTENSION

This man is considered the Father of Cooperative Extension for this contributions in establishing agricultural demonstrations, and insight towards the Experiment Station, Hatch, and Smith-Lever Acts. Who is Seaman Knapp?

What are war food production, preservation, and clothing conservation? During World War I, extension programs focused on these types of projects. What are war food production, preservation, and clothing conservation?

What is the Great Depression? This mass devastation forced extension to change its focus towards economic concerns, volunteer development, and helping low-income families stretch their resources – all valuable areas in today’s extension programs. What is the Great Depression?

What is the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program (EFNEP)? This program, the most successful of those in the “Great Society” era, helped improve the nutrition and health of low-income families living in the inner cities. What is the Expanded Food and Nutrition Program (EFNEP)?

Contemporary issues that are being addressed by Extension today include these. What are agro-terrorism, homeland security, preventing childhood obesity, and diet and health issues?

The four base programs of Cooperative Extension are these. Agriculture & Natural Resources Family and Consumer Sciences 4-H and Youth Development Community Development

These individuals are vital to Texas Cooperative Extension as they serve as effective spokespersons, concentrate their time and energy, and bring organization to their specific interests, and extend services to the clientele. What are VOLUNTEERS?