Functional neuroanatomy Overview of brain anatomy & systems –Localization/networks –Scale in the nervous system –Sensorimotor systems How our brains interact with the external world (loops) –States ‘of mind’ (and body) Specific functional systems –Memory & emotion How our brains use previous experience to modify behavior –Language; visual processing; mental imagery How our brains integrate types of information to develop concepts; how previous experience affects processing of new information

Localization of function in the nervous system: Maps and networks

Localization of function in the nervous system: Functional networks 5 major brain systems subserving cognition and behavior  Left perisylvian language network  Parieto-frontal network for spatial attention  Occipitotemporal network for object/face recognition  Medial temporal/limbic network for learning & memory  Prefrontal network for attention & comportment

5 types of cortical tissue

Plasticity in heteromodal cortical regions: The basis for learning

Lesion studies of the language network: The major nodes Broca’s (production)Wernicke’s (comprehension)

Lesion studies of the language network: Disconnection syndromes Alexia without agraphia Geschwind N & Kaplan E, Neurology, 1962

Functional neuroimaging of the language network One to many, many to one CJ Price, J Anat 2002

Language function: Using neuroimaging to test hypotheses CJ Price, J Anat 2002

Language function in the bilingual brain Kim KHS, Nature 1997

Recovery of language function after stroke: Mapping plasticity in the human brain Fernandez B, Stroke year after stroke 1 month after stroke Plasticity: Many levels of scale in both time & space

What’s in a name? A means to access specific types of knowledge

Elephant

Linguistic access to specific types of knowledge Damasio H, Nature 1996

Visual processing: Two pathways Dorsal (Occipito-parietal): Object & object feature recognition Disorders: visual object agnosia prosopagnosia achromatopsia Ventral (Occipito-temporal): Visual recognition of spatial location Disorders: optic ataxia, ocular apraxia, simultanagnosia (Balint’s); constructional apraxia, akinotopsia

Visual processing streams: Confirmation of hypotheses using neuroimaging Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998

Visual processing: Attention influences which stream is used Ungerleider LG, PNAS 1998

Visual object recognition: Lesion studies Agnosias may be specific to certain categories of information

Visual object recognition: Distinct but overlapping functional areas Haxby JV, Science 2001

Visual imagery & neuroimaging Ganis G, Cog Brain Res 2004

Auditory imagery & neuroimaging Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001

Visual imagery & neuroimaging Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001

Visual memory may influence perception: The v17 controversy in imagery Kosslyn SM, Nat Rev Nsci 2001 Correlation vs. causality

Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge Name this animal and tell me what you know about it

Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge Name this person and tell me what you know about him

Naming vs. recognition: Networks for conceptual knowledge Damasio H, Cognition 2004 Object-specific naming deficitsObject-specific recognition deficits

Heteromodal processing

The limbic system directs heteromodal cortex toward relevant information LaBar KS, Behavioral Neuroscience 2001

Visual object recognition: Binding together perception, memory, emotion, and motivation Leibenluft E, Biol Psych 2004 Amygdala Insula CingulateSup temp What happens when a mother recognizes her child’s face?

What are we doing with our brains at this moment? (The student’s brain) Feeling your chair Squirming (moving) Watching Listening Remembering Paying attention Sleeping Feeling anxious Feeling hungry What happens when you ask a question?