Faults and Earthquakes. BASIC DEFINITIONS FAULT: A surface or narrow zone along which one side has moved relative to the other. FAULT: A surface or narrow.

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Presentation transcript:

Faults and Earthquakes

BASIC DEFINITIONS FAULT: A surface or narrow zone along which one side has moved relative to the other. FAULT: A surface or narrow zone along which one side has moved relative to the other. Faults are classified based upon their direction of movement. Faults are classified based upon their direction of movement.

HANGING WALL vs FOOTWALL A fault divides rock into two fault blocks A fault divides rock into two fault blocks For any inclined fault, the block above the fault is the hanging wall block, and the block below the fault is the footwall block For any inclined fault, the block above the fault is the hanging wall block, and the block below the fault is the footwall block

CLASSIFICATION of DIP-SLIP FAULTS NORMAL FAULTS: Dip-slip faults on which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall NORMAL FAULTS: Dip-slip faults on which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall Place younger rocks on older rocksPlace younger rocks on older rocks Form in regions of lateral extensionForm in regions of lateral extension Module/footnt02.html

EXAMPLES OF NORMAL FAULTS Conjugate Normal Faults, Canyonlands National Park darkwing.uoregon.edu/~millerm/conjN1.html Normal Fault Scarps, Turkey Outcrop scale normal faults

CLASSIFICATION of DIP-SLIP FAULTS THRUST or REVERSE FAULTS: Dip-slip faults on which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall THRUST or REVERSE FAULTS: Dip-slip faults on which the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall Place older rocks on younger rocksPlace older rocks on younger rocks Form in regions of lateral compressionForm in regions of lateral compression Module/footnt02.html

EXAMPLES OF THRUST FAULTS Thrust Fault in Concrete from 1964 Quake, Anchorage, Alaska Thrust Fault in Sediments www001.upp.so-net.ne.jp/fl-fg/05-01.htm Outcrop scale thrust faults

CLASSIFICATION of STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS RIGHT-LATERAL (DEXTRAL) FAULTS: Strike-slip faults across which the block moves to the right RIGHT-LATERAL (DEXTRAL) FAULTS: Strike-slip faults across which the block moves to the right LEFT-LATERAL (SINISTRAL) FAULTS: Strike-slip faults across which the block moves to the right LEFT-LATERAL (SINISTRAL) FAULTS: Strike-slip faults across which the block moves to the right

EXAMPLES OF STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS San Andreas Fault, CA pp1515/chapter2/fig2-21.jpg Right Lateral Slip, Izmit, Turkey, 1999 Quake index.php?topic=earthquakes&lang=en Right Lateral Fault in Asphalt

Earthquakes

Epicenter and Focus

Seismograph and Seismogram

Determining Earthquake Distance

Locating an Epicenter

Global Seismicity

Richter Scale… A Measure of Earthquake Size

Convergent Plate Boundaries

Sumatra Site of M9.3 Earthquake, December 26, 2004

Convergent Plate Boundaries

Chile Site of M9.5 Earthquake, May 22, 1960

Convergent Plate Boundaries

Pakistan Site of M5.2 Earthquake, July 16, 2005

Transform Plate Boundaries

San Andreas Fault Boundary Between the North American and Pacific Plates

San Andreas Fault San Francisco Site of M7.8 Earthquake, April 18, 1906

Plate Boundaries

Seismicity of the US, , M>3.5

NE Seismicity (22 Years) Blue Circles: M≥4

Seismic Zones for Building Codes

Liquifaction…

Manhattan Site Classes, Census Track - Based A Hard Rock0.8 B Firm Rock1.0 C Firm Soil1.7 D Soil2.4 E Soft Soil3.5 Amplification at 1.0 Hz