Chapter 21 Foundations of Individual Behavior
Chapter 22 Learning Objectives Define key biographical characteristics Identify two types of ability Shape the behavior of others Examine four schedules of reinforcement Clarify the role of punishment in learning Practice self-management Exhibit effective discipline skills
Chapter 23 Dependent Variables Productivity Absenteeism Turnover Job Satisfaction
Chapter 24 Biographical Characteristics MaritalStatus Gender Tenure Age
Chapter 25 Age Perception of older worker –experience, judgement, commitment –lack of flexibility, resistant to change Age and absenteeism (-) –avoidable vs unavoidable absence Age and productivity (+) Age and job satisfaction –professionals (+) –Nonprofessionals (-)
Chapter 26 Gender No significant differences in productivity and job satisfaction between men and women Mixed results in turnover Women have higher rates of absenteeism –traditional home and family responsibilities
Chapter 27 Marital Status No conclusive results on productivity married employees have fewer absences, less turnover, and are more satisfied.
Chapter 28 Tenure Seniority performance absenteeism turnover satisfaction
Chapter 29 Intellectual Abilities Number aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization Memory ability
Chapter 210 Strength Factors Strength Factors Basic Physical Abilities Other Factors Other Factors Flexibility Factors Flexibility Factors
Chapter 211 The Ability-Job Fit Abilities of the employee Requirements of the job Consequence of mis-fit
Chapter 212 SocialLearning ClassicalConditioningOperantConditioning What Is Learning? Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience What Is Learning? Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience
Chapter 213 Classical conditioning A C B A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response Unconditional stimulus response Conditional response
Chapter 214 Operant Conditioning Behavior rewards punishment + - Behavior is a function of consequences
Chapter 215 Social Learning People learn from observation and direct experience –attentional process –retention processes –motor reproduction processes –reinforcement processes
Chapter 216 Methods of Shaping Behavior Methods of Shaping Behavior Negative Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Extinction Punishment Strengthen a response Increase the probability of repetition Weaken behavior decrease subsequent frequency
Chapter 217 Timing: Schedules of Reinforcement Fixed- Interval Fixed- Ratio Variable- Ratio Variable- Interval Ratio Variable Fixed
Chapter 218 Behavior Modification: OB Mod Critical behaviors Baseline data Behavioral consequences Intervention strategy Performance improvement
Chapter 219 Organizational Applications Lotteries to reduce absenteeism Well pay versus sick pay Employee discipline Training programs Mentoring programs Self-management
Chapter 220 Effective disciplining Respond immediately Provide a warning State the problem specifically allow the employee to explain his/her position keep discussion impersonal be consistent take progressive action obtain agreement on change
Chapter 221 Debate Topic Point: “You can not teach old dog new tricks!” Counterpoint: “You can teach old dog new tricks!”
Chapter 222 Assignments Find three organizations that have been involved in discrimination suits. What were the specific issues involved? If resolved, what was the outcome? Case Incident: Predicting Performance (p. 55)