Vehicular Technologies Embedded Systems Seminar Fall 2005 Elliot Jaffe

Sensors, Networks and Processors ● Applicable Vehicles ● Potential Uses ● Aside: Automotive equipment lifecycle ● Networking ● Processing ● Sensors ● Conclusions

Applicable Vehicles

Potential Uses ● Lifecycle Management – Equipment Monitoring, Maintenance, Performance ● Awareness of the Environment – Weather Conditions, Air Pressure, Road Surface ● Awareness of the Operators – Physical State, Mental State, Comfort ● Global vs. Local Interactions – Convoys, Traffic Planning, Collision Detection

Automotive Component Lifecycle ● Long lead times between conception and wide spread deployment ● Case in point: Anti-Lock Brakes (ABS) – Bosch 1930’s – First Electronic system in production: 1978 ● Trucks and Mercedes-Benz – Standard Equipment – 1985 (Ford Grenada Mk3) – GM stops offering ABS as Standard Equipment on most of its 58 vehicles in 2003

Automotive Component Requirements ● Low Cost ● Mass Production (availability, liability) ● Dependability (reliability, safety) ● System Modularity ● Easy Field Maintenance ● Simple MMI (drivers are not experts) ● Security (against prohibited actions)

Automotive Component Lifecycle Source: Integrated Vehicle Control System Technology — Steering, Braking, Suspension, and Powertrain Systems, Aloysius J. (Alois) Seewald, TRW Automotive Chassis

Networking ● Many bus definitions – html html – Class A: UART < 10kbps – Class B: non-critical 10kbps to 125kbps – Class C: real-time high-data: 125kbps – 1Mbps – Emissions/Diagnostics – Mobile Media – X-By-Wire: replace mechanical systems ● -40  +125C

Examples ● LIN- local interconnect network – – 20Kbps – Master/slave architecture ● CAN – controller area network (ISO 11898) – – High speed: 1Mbps ● Engine and powertrain – Low speed: 128kbps ● Body and comfort devices

Networking ● X-By-Wire Architecture – Proposed by Consortium in – Time Triggered Protocol (1993) – Considered failure modes and requirements – Composability – Timeliness – Fault Tolerance –

X-By-Wire

Processing ● First Microprocessor, 1978 Cadillac Seville – Trip Computer, 6802 ● Freescale (Motorola) MPC563 32bit microprocessor – MIPS – -40C – 125C – 2.6V Core Operating Voltage – 5V I/O Operating Voltage – 0.8, 1.12W Power dissipation (typical, max) – 512K Flash RAM, 32K RAM – 32 Channel A/D (10 bits) Source:

Sensors ● Engine and Drivetrain Sensors ● Emissions Control System Sensors ● Safety and Security Sensors ● Other Internal Sensors

Engine and Drivetrain Sensors Throttle Position –Monitors the position of the accelerator pedal and the throttle linkage, so the ECM can make accurate air/fuel mixture adjustments Barometric Air Pressure (BAP –Reads changes in barometric (air) pressure. The ECM uses this information to adjust timing advance and air/fuel ratio Mass Air flow/ MAF –Measures the amount of air drawn through the engine's air intake, so the computer can compensate for altitude and temperature

Engine and Drivetrain Sensors Permanent magnet vehicle speed sensor –A permanent magnet generator –Produces a pulsing (ac) voltage when it spins –Voltage level and number of pulses increase with vehicle speed Knock / Detonation –Listens for engine "ping" so the ECM can retard the spark timing, and thereby reduce emissions and overheating, if the engine is knocking

Engine and Drivetrain Sensors Magnetic Fluid Level –Used for brake fluid, coolant, washer fluid and oil level sensing Temperature –Air Temperature –Coolant Temperature –HVAC Temperature –Transmission Temperature

Emission Control Sensors ● Required due to emission control legislation ● EGR Valve – Recalculates a measured amount of exhaust gas into the engine's air intake, to lower combustion temperatures and reduce emissions, especially NOx ● Ported Vacuum Switch – Senses engine temperature, and opens or closes vacuum lines to various emissions-related components

Safety and Security Sensors Inertial Sensors –active stabilization and navigation applications Wheel Speed Occupant Position –Weight –Driver Seat Position Tire Inflation

Other Interior Sensors ● Climate Control Systems ● Ambient Air Temperature ● Seat Temperature ● Air Flow ● Audio Volume (for Active Feedback) ● Ambient Light (for auto-tint)

External Sensors ● DARPA Grand Challenge ● ● Range Finding ● Obstacle Detection ● Terrain Detection

Team CIMAR

U. Indiana: Rubicon

Stanford

Range Finding RADAR –Radio Detection and Ranging LADAR –Laser Detection and Ranging SONAR –Sound Navigation and Ranging

Detection in Operation

Conclusion ● Applicable Vehicles ● Potential Uses ● Aside: Automotive equipment lifecycle ● Networking ● Processing ● Sensors