MANAGING CHANGE LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the nature of change Explain the essential components in the change process Understand the leader’s role in the change process Define resistance to change and its function List tactics for dealing with resistance to change

TYPES OF CHANGE INCREMENTAL Linear Continuous Targeted at fixing or modifying problems or procedures TRANSFORMATIVE Radical Discontinuous Multidimensional Multilevel Modifies fundamental structures, systems, orientation, strategies

CRITICAL MASS The smallest number of people and/or groups who must be committed to a change for it to occur

LEWIN’S PROCESS OF CHANGE UNFREEZING MOVING REFREEZING

Change is a process, not an event or a managerial edict Technical solution Process

STEPS IN THE CHANGE PROCESS Determining the need for change Forming a guiding coalition Developing a shared vision Creating a tentative plan Analyzing potential resistance & obtaining participation Establishing an Implementation plan Communicating the change Implementing the change Evaluating the change

WHEN IS CHANGE FEASIBLE? C = (D X S X P) > X C = Change D = Dissatisfaction with the status quo S = An identifiable and desired end state P = A practical plan for achieving the desired end state X = The cost of change to the organization

ROLE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERS Envisioning – articulate a clear, credible vision, set standards, generate pride in past accomplishments and enthusiasm Energizing – demonstrate excitement, model behaviors, communicate early successes to mobilize energy Enabling – provide necessary resources and reward new behaviors, build top-man- agement team and processes to support change

RESISTANCE TO CHANGE A natural reaction to change Part of the adaptation process Something else to manage –Understand the source –Listen carefully to concerns –Refrain from seeing resisters as adversaries –Use the appropriate tactic in response

SOURCES OF RESISTANCE Inadequate change goals Inadequate change processes Personal resistance Political resistance Systemic resistance

TACTICS FOR DEALING WITH RESISTANCE Empathy Education and communication Participation and involvement Facilitation and support Co-optation Negotiation and agreement Manipulation Coercion Commitment Compliance