Blood = connective tissue extracellular matrix: Plasma specialized cells: (= Formed elements) RBCs WBCs Platelets color ? volume ?

Plasma Composition Water 92% Plasma proteins 7% Other solutes 1% Transports organic and inorganic molecules, formed elements, and heat

Plasma Proteins Albumin (60%) Major contributor to osmotic concentration of plasma. Transport of lipids and steroid hormones Globulins (35%) Transport ions, hormones, lipids; immune function Fibrinogen (4%) Essential component of clotting system (conversion to insoluble fibrin) Fibrinogen Regulatory proteins (< 1%) ????

Other Solutes Electrolytes: Normal extracellular fluid ion composition (????) Organic nutrients: glucose, FA, AA Organic wastes: urea, bilirubin

Difference between Plasma and Interstitial Fluid : Plasma has more: Dissolved O 2 O 2 diffuses out into tissue Dissolved proteins (too big to cross caps.) »Albumins »Globulins –  globulins –  and  globulins »Fibrinogen Similar concentration: Salts & small molecules

serum = plasma - Difference between plasma and serum?

more things: Most plasma proteins are made in liver. Exception: ? Lipoproteins = particles containing lipids (cholesterol & triglycerids) and proteins (albumins & globulins)

Formed Elements Red and White Blood Cells Platelets WBCs RBCs.1% 99.9%

Formed Elements cont. white Why white blood cells???

RBCs = Erythrocytes Measured by hematocrit or PCV Most abundant blood cell: 1000 RBCs/1 WBC Contain hemoglobin, carry O2 Very regular shape - biconcave discsshape Anucleate: Lifespan ~ 120 days replacement rate ~ 3 mio RBCs / sec

Structure of Hemoglobin (Hb) Fe ion in heme group reversibly binds O 2 How many oxygen molecules can 1 Hb molecule carry?  

ABO & Rh Blood Types Blood groups (types) based on specific RBC surface antigens (= proteins) Blood groups (types) based on specific RBC surface antigens (= proteins) > 30 common varieties of antigens known. Most important ABO & Rh > 30 common varieties of antigens known. Most important ABO & Rh blood type ?

ABO Blood typing: 4 combinations possible A surface antigen = blood type A B surface antigen = blood type B both surface antigens = type AB neither surface antigen = type O Rh surface antigen = + blood type no Rh antigen = negative blood type

months after birth: Anti-A and anti-B antibodies can be formed in plasma ! normally NO anti Rh present

Transfusion Reaction Transfusion of incompatible blood can be fatal! Universal Donor vs. Universal Recipient Only for emergencies - must be given slowly !

Clinical Brief Anemia: p. 536 Reduced oxygen carrying ability of blood. Causes?? Polycythemia: Erythrocytosis: excessive increase in RBCs Polycythemia vera: Blood Doping: p. 545 Via direct transfusion, or EPO use

WBCs = Leukocytes Quantity and type determined by differential WBC count Circulating WBCs are only a small fraction of total WBCs. Most are located in ? Diapedesis Chemotaxis Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Neutrophil (= PMN) Up to ~ 70% (~ 2/3) of circulating WBCs Cytoplasm packed with pale granules containing lysosomal enzymes phagocytic

Eosinophil ~ 2% - 4% of circulating WBCs Granules stain with eosin Increased in allergies and parasitic infections

Basophil < 1% of circulating WBCs Granules stain with basic dyes and contain histamine Discharge of histamine promotes inflammation at site of injury (Similar to mast cells)

Monocyte ~ 2% - 8% of circulating WBCs Large kidney shaped nucleus In tissue called Macrophage

Lymphocytes ~ 20% - 30% of circulating WBCs Relatively small (slightly larger than RBCs) Large round nucleus B, T, NK

Platelets = Thrombocytes Cell fragments of Megakaryocytes (~ 4,000 thrombocytes per Megakaryocyte)  ~ 160  m Lifespan ~ 12 days involved in blood clotting

Abnormal Blood Cell Counts Leukopenia < 2,500/  L (normal 6000 – 9000) Leukocytosis > 30,000/  L Thrombocytopenia: < 80,000/  L (normal ~ 350,000) Thrombocytosis: > 1,000,000/  L Also Lymphopenia vs. _____________ _________vs. Neutrophilia

Hemopoiesis = Blood Cell Formation Hemocytoblasts: One type of stem cell for all blood cells In red bone marrow... then differentiation into 4 types of progenitor stem cells: Erythroblast Myeloblast Monoblast Lymphoblast Fig 20.8