1 VARIATION ANALYSIS See also “Prototype Theory” by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen.

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Presentation transcript:

1 VARIATION ANALYSIS See also “Prototype Theory” by Don L. F. Nilsen and Alleen Pace Nilsen

2 BASIC ASSUMPTIONS There are various ways of saying the same thing and saliences differ These are affected by S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. or the V.A.R.I.E.S. model

3 S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G. MODEL S-Setting P-Participants E-Ends A-Act Sequence K-Key Tone or Mood I-Instrumentalities (writing vs. speech) N-Norms (expectations of the situation) G-Genre ( , chant, research paper) (Gumpers and Hymes 35-71)

4 V.A.R.I.E.S. MODEL by Don and Alleen Nilsen V-VOCATIONAL JARGON –Computer Guys, Doctors, Lawyers, Linguists, Teachers A-AGE-RELATED LANGUAGE –Children, Teenagers, Old People –Old English, Middle English, (Early) Modern English R-REGIONAL LANGUAGE –California, Canada, New York, South I-INFORMAL OR FORMAL LANGUAGE –Casual Acquaintances, Lovers, Friends, Relatives E-ETHNIC LANGUAGE –Blacks, Indians, Jews, Mexicans S-SEX-RELATED LANGUAGE –Males, Females, Lesbians, Gays

5 Assaulted Peanut: A Pun

6 Raining Cats and Dogs: A Metaphor

Language Variation Web Sites: *21 Accents by Amy Walker: *American Dialect Society: *Lost Baggage: *Yankee-Dixie Quiz: 7