SOUTH AMERICA Midterm test and Grade Distribution Review South America FTAA & Hidrovia FTAA & Hidrovia Urbanization Urbanization Latin American City Model Latin American City Model Regional perspectives Regional perspectives

Midterm Grade Distribution Average = 64.8% C

Histogram

Scattergram: Map test & Midterm

Learning Tip (see outline) Content-intensive course Plan on reading a chapter each week: three hours. Reading for mastery is an active learning process. Highlighters encourages poor reading habits Detracts from successful learning. Make notes Focus on key ideas  Emphasize the way concepts and facts are structured.

ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (CONTINUED) Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Unique initiative

Hidrovía Paraguay- Paraná Navigation for barges up to 2.8 m draft. Exports of soybeans & minerals Major channel straightening, dredging, and removal of rock outcrops. Loss of wetland habitat

Urbanization The percentage of a country’s population living in urban areas 79% of 365 million Rural-urban migration Push Pull The “Latin American City” model

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial CBD Commercial Spine

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements CBD

GENERALIZED MODEL OF THE LATIN AMERICAN CITY Commercial/Industrial Elite Residential Sector Zone of Maturity Zone in Situ Accretion Zone of peripheral squatter settlements CBD Disamenity

Belém, Brazil

Planned housing: Zihuatanejo

Unplanned housing: Zihuatanejo

Spontaneous Housing Settlements: Favela in Rio de Janiero

Population Cartogram

The North Kourou

Andean countries

BRAZIL 26 states 175 million #5 in population and area

BRAZIL Ethnic diversity - European, African, and Amerindian Portugese & Roman Catholic Mineral resources: iron, aluminum ore, manganese, oil, and gas Newly industrializing country Social inequality

Rio de Janiero  Cultural capital  Capital  Cristo Redentor

Rio de Janeiro High rise apartment tower and favelas

 Forward capital   What is the contested territory? BRASILIA

Growth Pole Theory Promote growth in the hinterland Concentrated investment  Create jobs in depressed areas  Reduce uneven concentrations of wealth  Decentralize industry “Ripples” of development Spread effects Backwash

São Paulo  Inland  Industrial centre  Business capital  25 million

There’s no place like home… Guarapiranga Reservoir

 Fazendas  Immigration  Skilled labor  Relative location  Minas Gerais  Power  Santos São Paulo’s Growth

Southern Cone Itaipu Dam