Fatalism: What happens could not have occurred otherwise u Propositions about future events (including human actions) are either true or false right now;

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Fatalism: What happens could not have occurred otherwise u Propositions about future events (including human actions) are either true or false right now; so the future is unchangeable (Aristotle) u God knows what we will do in the future; so we cannot change the future (Augustine) Aristotle ( BCE) St. Augustine ( )

Determinism: All events (including human actions) have specific causes u Baron d’Holbach: the brain is material; so its actions (e.g., thought, will) are controlled by physical laws, heredity, and environment ( ) u Pierre-Simon Laplace: with a complete knowledge now of every particle in the universe, we could predict all future events ( )

Contemporary Explanations of Behavior Our behavior is caused by: u unconscious desires or fears and repressed memories (Freud) u environment, social conditioning (Skinner) u heredity, genes Objections: these accounts seem to make freedom an illusion. But (1) how are we able to change? And (2) why not explain behavior with reasons, not causes? S. Freud ( ) B.F. Skinner ( )