1 مجموعه‌اي از كامپيوترهاي متصل به هم كه بين آنها تبادل اطلاعات انجام مي‌شود را گويند. برخي از مزاياي تشكيل شبكه ها عبارتند از : امكان ارتباط كامپيوترها.

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1 مجموعه‌اي از كامپيوترهاي متصل به هم كه بين آنها تبادل اطلاعات انجام مي‌شود را گويند. برخي از مزاياي تشكيل شبكه ها عبارتند از : امكان ارتباط كامپيوترها در نقاط مختلف جهان و حذف مسافتهاي فيزيكي · امكان ارتباط كامپيوترها در نقاط مختلف جهان و حذف مسافتهاي فيزيكي · امكان تبادل اطلاعات و منابع براي بهره برداري مشترك · افزايش كارائي، سرعت و دقت در تبادلات · امكان مديريت متمركز اطلاعات و اعمال سياستهاي امنيتي  شبكه ها از نظر نوع ارتباط: ( به دو دسته تقسيم مي‌شوند) شبكة نظيربه‌نظير(Peer – to – Peer) شبكة نظيربه‌نظير(Peer – to – Peer) شبكةمشتري‌كارگزار Client /Server شبكةمشتري‌كارگزار Client /Server شبكه كامپيوتري

2 الف- شبكه‌هاي محليLAN (Local Area Network) ب- شبكه‌هاي بين‌شهريMAN (Metropolitan Area Network ) ج-شبكه‌هاي‌گستردهWAN(Wide Area Network) ضمنا شبكه هاي درون سازماني را Intranet گويند كه اگربه شبكه بيروني مثلا اينترنت وصل شود آن را Extranet گويند. شبكه ها از نظراندازه

3 مقايسه شبكه ها از لحاظ فاصله

4 انواع شبكه از نظر توپولوژي اتصال يا هم بندي ( نمايش Demo3 )

5 الف ـ اجزاي منطقي پروتكل شبكه: به معني قواعد و قوانين خاصي كه ارتباط كامپيوترها بر آن اساس صورت مي‌گيرد مثل TCP/IP يا IPX سيستم عامل : سيستم عامل شبكه كه بر روي سرور نصب و مديريت بر شبكه را بعهده دارد. ب ـ اجزاي فيزيكي كامپيوترهاي سرور، ايستگاههاي كاري و امكانات جانبي مثل چاپگر محيط ارتباطي باسيم يا بي‌سيم ( Medium ) ساير اجزاي ديگر, Gateway,Bridge,Repeater,Modem, Network Interface Card(NIC), Hub,Switch, Router اجزاي شبكه

Twisted pair – Two wires twisted together. Telephone company uses twisted-pair copper wires to link telephones. 6 محيط انتقال اطلاعات با سيم شامل محيط انتقال اطلاعات با سيم شامل : Twisted pairTwisted pair Coaxial cableCoaxial cable Fiber-optic cableFiber-optic cable اجزاي شبكه

Coaxial cable – Also two wires: One of the wires is woven of fine strands of copper forming a tube. The wire mesh surrounds a solid copper wire Space between has a non-conducting material. Makes them more impervious to outside noise. 7 اجزاي شبكه

Fiber-optic cable – Light is electromagnetic. – Can transmit more information down a single strand. It can send a wider set of frequencies. – Each cable can send several thousand phone conversations or computer communications. 8 اجزاي شبكه

Wireless Communications Media Include: – Microwave – Satellite – Infrared 9 محيط انتقال اطلاعات بي‌سيم

Repeater - a device that receives a radio signal, strengthens it and sends it on. 10 Microwave Transmission اجزاي شبكه

Communications satellites - microwave repeaters in space. 11 Satellite Transmission اجزاي شبكه

Bandwidth - refers to the amount of information that a communications medium can transfer in a given amount of time. 12 Bandwidth Measurements اجزاي شبكه

13 Bandwidth Pipe Analogy

14 Bandwidth Highway Analogy

The simplest type of twisted-pair phone cabling (Cat 1) provides a slow, fairly reliable path for information at up to 64 kilobits per second (Kbps). A better type (Cat 3) provides up to 10 megabits per second (Mbps). 15 Bandwidth Highway Analogy

16 Hub: اتصال كامپيوترهاي مختلف را به يكديگر ممكن مي‌سازد به گونه‌اي كه در آن واحد فقط يك لينك ارتباطي را برقرار مي‌كند( انواع مختلف پسيو ، اكتيو و هوشمند) Switch: وسيله‌اي است كه اطلاعات دريافتي روي پورت ورودي را به مقصد موردنظر آدرس ‌دهي و ارسال مي‌كند در اين صورت امكان وجود چند ارتباط همزمان وجود دارد Repeater : براي تقويت سيگنالهاي ارتباطي بكار مي‌رودو منجر به افزايش طول كابلها مي‌شود Bridge : شبيه تكرار كننده است با اين تفاوت كه فقط سيگنالها را به كامپيوتر موردنظر ارسال مي‌كند Router : مسير مناسب را براي ارسال اطلاعات از يك نقطه به نقطه ديگر پيدا مي‌كند Gateway: مسيريابي بين دو شبكه با پروتكل‌هاي متفاوت كه عمل ترجمه پروتكل‌ها را هم انجام مي‌دهد NIC : كارت واسط شبكه كه روي كامپيوتر قرار مي‌گيرد Modem: براي تبديل اطلاعات آنالوگ به ديجيتال و بالعكس استفاده مي‌شود. انواع سخت افزارهاي مورد استفاده در شبکه

17 Workstation Hub     Token استفاده از CSMA/CD يا روش Contention ( Ethernet) روش CSMA/CA استفاده از Token Passing( Token Ring) استفاده از روش Demand Priority روشهاي دستيابي (روش استفاده از محيط انتقال براي جلوگيري از تصادم يا Collision در شبكه)

Data sent in small standard sized chunks called “packets” Packets have headers with addresses of sending and receiving computers, Packet number & Checksum Packets reassembled by the receiver 18 Packet-Switching Technology (Circuit Switching, Message Switching,Packet Switching)

19 1st packet from A to C 1st packet from B to D 2nd packet from A to C 2nd packet from B to D 3rd packet from A to C A B C D C Shared Network System DCDC Packet Switching

20 OSI Model

21 OSI Layer

22 Names for Data at Each Layer

23 TCP/IP Model

24 TCP/IP Model

Ways to Access the Internet at Home Telephone line and a telephone or dial-up modem. Telephone line and a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) modem. Cable TV line and a cable modem. Satellite dish and a satellite modem. Provider that offers wireless connection for your notebook. 25 Internet Access

Telephone modem - a device that connects your computer to your phone line so that you can access another computer or network. 26 Internet Access Telephone or Dial-Up Connection

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) - a high-speed Internet connection using phone lines, which allows you to use your phone for voice communications at the same time. 27 Internet Access Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Cable modem - a device that uses your TV cable to deliver an Internet connection. 28 Internet Access Cable Modem

Satellite modem - a modem that allows you to get Internet access from a satellite dish. 29 Internet Access Internet over Satellite

Wireless Internet service provider (wireless ISP) - does the same job as standard Internet service providers except that you don’t need a wired connection for access. 30 Internet Access Wireless Internet Connection