Table 12-1. Chapter 12: Social Mobility, Outline I. Social Mobility A. Class B. Race C. Gender D. Historical and Comparative II. The Attainment Process A. Models 1. Blau and Duncan 2. Wisconsin B. Education 1. Attainment models 2. Critical perspectives C. The Conflict Perspective on Status Attainment

Son's Current Occupation Table 12-2. Outflow Mobility, Father to Son Occupation, 1962 and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 392) Father's Occup Son's Current Occupation Up NonM Lo NonM UpManual LoManual Farm Total 1962 (N=10,550) Up NM 56.8% 16.7% 11.5% 13.8% 1.2% 100% Low NM 43.1% 23.7% 14.6% 17.0% 1.7% Up Man 24.7% 28.6% 28.8% Low Man 17.9% 14.8% 21.9% 43.4% 1.9% 10.3% 12.3% 19.3% 35.9% 22.2% 24.5% 15.9% 20.2% 31.7% 7.7% 1973 (N=20,850) 59.4% 11.4% 12.8% 15.5% .9% 45.1% 16.6% 16.4% 20.7% 30.9% 12.2% 27.7% 28.1% 22.9% 12.1% 23.9% 40.1% 1.0% 9.0% 37.1% 14.5% 31.2% 11.8% 31.0% 4.1% 1%

Son's Current Occupation Table 12-3. Inflow Mobility, Father to Son Occupation, 1962 and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 392) Father's Occup Son's Current Occupation Up NonM Lo NonM UpManual LoManual Farm Total 1962 (N=10,550) Up NM 25.4% 11.6% 6.2% 4.8% 1.7% 11.0% Low NM 23.1% 19.6% 9.5% 7.0% 2.9% 13.1% Up Man 19.0% 20.2% 26.3% 17.1% 18.8% Low Man 20.1% 25.6% 29.7% 37.6% 6.8% 27.4% 12.5% 23.0% 28.3% 33.6% 85.7% 100% 1973 (N=20,850) 29.3% 14.8% 9.0% 7.7% 3.2% 15.4% 16.7% 16.2% 8.6% 3.3% 11.5% 21.0% 25.8% 18.5% 5.8% 20.4% 21.8% 30.5% 32.6% 38.5% 12.1% 17.5% 24.0% 27.5% 80.7% 22.9% 1%

Figure 12-1. Percent Upward, Downward, Mobile, Immobile, Structural and Exchange Mobility in 1962 and 1973 (Based on Kerbo, pp. 393-394)

Figure 12-2. Father's and Son's Occupational Distributions, 1962 and 1973 (Based on Kerbo, pp. 391-392)

Table 12-4. Percent of Fathers and Sons Across Occupations in 1962 and 1973 (Based on Kerbo, pp. 391-392) Occupations UpNonM LO NonM UpManual LoManual Farm Total Father's 1962 11.0% 13.1% 18.8% 27.4% 29.7% 100% Son's 1962 24.5% 15.9% 20.2% 31.7% 7.7% Father's 1973 15.4% 11.5% 20.4% 22.9% Son's 1973 31.2% 11.8% 21.9% 31.0% 4.1%

Figure 12-3. Intergenerational Income Inheritance in the U. S Figure 12-3. Intergenerational Income Inheritance in the U.S., 1950-2000 (Kerbo, p. 395)

Figure 12-4. Comparative Income Inheritance in the U. S Figure 12-4. Comparative Income Inheritance in the U.S. and European Union (Kerbo, p. 396)

Son's Current Occupation Table 12-5. Black Outflow Mobility, Father to Son Occupation, 1962 and 1973 (Kerbo , p. 400) Father's Occup Son's Current Occupation Up NonM Lo NonM UpManual LoManual Farm Total 1962 Up NM 13.3% 10.0% 13.7% 63.0% 0.0% 100% Low NM 8.3% 14.0% 63.7% Up Man 8.2% 10.9% 67.0% 3.0% Low Man 6.7% 9.1% 11.1% 71.0% 2.1% 1.2% 5.4% 7.1% 66.3 19.9% 4.5% 7.7% 9.4% 67.9% 10.5% 1973 43.9% 11.8% 36.0% 19.5% 20.8% 13.4% 45.5% .8% 16.3 13.9% 15.8% 53.7% 0.2% 12.1 12.2% 61.0% 1.0% 5.1 6.8% 16.5% 63.2% 8.4% 11.6 10.8% 14.7% 59.4% 3.5% 1%

Table 12-6 Father to Son Movement Bottom and Top Income Quartiles for Blacks and Whites in 2000 (Kerbo, p. 403) Bottom to Top Top to Bottom All 7.3% 9.2% White 10.2% 9.0% Black 4.2% 18.5% Black-White -6.0% 9.5%

Figure 12-5. Comparative Son and Daughter Income Inheritance in the U Figure 12-5. Comparative Son and Daughter Income Inheritance in the U.S. and European Union (Kerbo, p. 406)

Table 12-7. Kerbo's Summary of Major Points on Mobility (Based on pp Occupational inheritance in the U.S. is fairly high at the top (upper non-manual) and the bottom (lower manual) We have very limited data on upper class mobility, but there obviously is some sponsored mobility Mobility seems to have been pretty stable from 1910 to 1973, especially clear for 1960-1973, but may be declining since the 1980s Mobility patterns for white women and black men are very different and very different from white men Women seem to inherit father’s occupation through husband and tend to be more mobile than men, through marriage

Figure 12-6. Blau and Duncan's Path Model (Kerbo, p. 415) X X .859 Son's Education Father's Education .310 .753 .394 Son's Occupation .279 .440 .516 .115 .281 Father's Occupation Son's First Job .224 .818 X

Figure 12-7. Wisconsin School Path Model (Kerbo, p. 417) X X .859 .778 Occupational Aspirations Parents's SES .246 .441 Significant Others .152 Occupational Status .227 .179 .522 .320 Educational Attainment .288 .261 .508 .457 .218 Mental Ability Academic performance .589 Educational Aspirations .218 .654 .808 .792 .768 X X X X .627

Figure 12-8. Percent of University and Community College Students from Bottom to Top Income Quartiles (Kerbo, p. 422)

Figure 12-9. College Completion Rates by Entrance Test Scores Family Income (Kerbo, p. 423)

Figure 12-10. Structural and Individual Variables Affecting Income Attainment (Kerbo, p. 407) Industry: Core/Periphery Global Economic Changes Occupational Status Firm Characteristics Income Authority Position Occupational Skill Level Property Relations Racism and Sexism