South Asia Review of South Asia1 Questions South Asia Population Geography Physiological vs. arithmetic population density Demographic transition model

Population Geography Spatial view of demography Population density Study of population distribution, composition, rates of growth, and patterns of flow Population density Arithmetic Physiologic Key measures Rate of natural increase Doubling time

Arithmetic vs.Physiologic Population Densities Arithmetic density: Population/unit land area) Physiologic density: Population/unit area of arable land Arable land Land suitable for plowing and crop production Land which can be cultivated (does not include grazing land)

Arithmetic vs.Physiological Population Densities Country Arithmetic density (per mi2) Physiological density (per mi2) Canada 8 164 Netherlands 1,029 4,955 Egypt 192 9,638 India 855 1,688 Bangladesh 2,510 3,800

POPULATION GROWTH

Doubling Time The 29th Day China: 60 years in 1985, now 82 years India: 31 years in 1985, now 42 years Family planning

'Simple answer for a healthy family: The second child should come after three years' During the National Emergency (1975-77), the emphasis on family planning posters was not to have more than two children. This was certainly unpalatable for the masses. This poster seems a lot more democratic in conveying the underlying message.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION) India West Pakistan East Pakistan (Bangladesh after 1971)

P A K I S T N

Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan Population of 150 million Official language:Urdu (Arabic+Farsi+Hindi) Urdu is written in Arabic script/Hindi is written in Devanagari Capital: Karachi-Islamabad Forward capital 80% Sunni Muslims; 16% Shia minority Subregions: Punjab (2) – 60% of Palistani population – Punjabi Sind – Hyderabad – 2 too! Baluchistan North west frontier

Kashmir Independence & partition 1947 – Pakistani tribesmen invade Jammu & Kashmir: Hindu India or Muslim Pakistan? Hindu Maharaja but Muslim majority Attempts to remain outside both India and Pakistan at Independence 1947 – Pakistani tribesmen invade January 1949 – U.N. Cease fire Kashmir was partitioned 1980-88 Muslims continue insurgency 1990-95: 10,000 killed 1998: Nuclear ‘tests’ by India and Pakistan

INDIA

INDIA Federation of 28 STATES, 6 Union Territories, & National Capital Territory Population: 1.27 billion Is a billion 109 or 1012 ? 28% urbanized 14 official languages numerous minor languages Hindi is official language English is lingua franca)

Why has India remained united? From a cultural/political standpoint: Centripetal forces Forces that unite and bind together Satisfaction with government Sense of justice and shared opportunity Centrifugal forces Forces that divide and encourage secession Religious, racial, linguistic, political divisions

Centrifugal Forces 25 separate states 14 official languages 150 million Muslims Largest minority in the world 20 million Sikhs Thousands of castes

Centripetal Forces Hinduism Government institutions Infrastructure Common opposition to British rule Pacifism of Mahatma Ghandi

Economic Development GDP: US$450 per capita 38% live below the poverty line A mixture of traditional village farming and modern agriculture Handicrafts, old and new branches of industry Multitude of support services and nuclear power Textiles & clothing IT services