Is Mental Rotation the Foundational Spatial Skill? Sheryl Sorby, Kedmon Hungwe, & Tom Drummer Michigan Technological University.

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Presentation transcript:

Is Mental Rotation the Foundational Spatial Skill? Sheryl Sorby, Kedmon Hungwe, & Tom Drummer Michigan Technological University

Components of Spatial Skills No agreement on the number of distinct spatial skills Maier identified five factors for spatial cognition: –Spatial perception –Visualization –Mental rotation –Space relations –Spatial orientation All of these factors appear to incorporate mental rotation

Spatial Perception

Visualization

Mental Rotation

Space Relations

Spatial Orientation

Orthographic Projection

Mental Cutting Test

Current Study Instrument developed consisting of 10 items each from: –Mental Cutting Test –Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations (similar to Maier’s component 3) –Differential Aptitude Test: Space Relations (similar to Maier’s component 2) –Modified Lappan Test (similar to Maier’s component 5) Test administered to students in Middle and High School courses

Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Rotations

Differential Aptitude Test: Space Relations

Modified Lappan Test

Test Reliability-Cronbach’s Alpha Test Component Middle SchoolHigh School PSVT:R MCT DAT:SR Modified Lappan

Test Correlations - Middle School PSVT:RMCTDAT:SRLappan PSVT:R MCT DAT:SR Lappan

Test Correlations - High School PSVT:RMCTDAT:SRLappan PSVT:R MCT DAT:SR Lappan

Test Correlations - University Students At Michigan Tech, between MCT and PSVT:R, r=0.47 (n=109, p<0.0001) At Penn State Erie, Blasko found r(334)=0.24, p<0.001 between water level and mental rotation –No significant correlation between paper folding and either water level or mental rotation

Test Correlations Strong correlations exist between spatial components Appear to be trending downward as a student ages –As educational paths diverge, students may develop different, non-visual, methods for solving spatial tasks –e.g., paper folding,

Training with High School Students Students in high school geometry course completed four modules as part of their geometry course: –Isometric Sketching –Orthographic Projection –Rotation of objects about one axis –Rotation of objects about two or more axes Instruction from modules 1 & 2 corresponded to items from Lappan test Instruction from modules 3 & 4 corresponded to items from PSVT:R

LS Means Gain Scores Test Component Comparison Group Treatment Group PSVT:R0.26 (0.61) 1.37 (0.84) MCT0.11 (0.28) 0.95 (0.22) DAT:SR0.38 (0.22) 1.52 (0.26) Lappan0.45 (0.84) 2.35 (1.17)

Educational Implications NCTM includes spatial reasoning as part of the national math standards for K-12 Most teachers assert there is not time in the curriculum to add a significant spatial component If mental rotation is the foundation of spatial cognition, training efforts could be focused for maximum effectiveness

Conclusions Test correlations seem to indicate that there is an underlying spatial intelligence factor Training in mental rotations appears to improve performance in a variety of spatial tasks Further study is required

Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the support for this work of the National Science Foundation through grant number HRD