 Quote on page 89  Why are fathers missing? ◦

 As incarceration increases, rate of father absence increases than among middle-class families ◦  But what does all this data mean? ◦ Caution –

 Relationships are based on exchange  Exchange requires ◦ And this trust must be accrued over the  Poor families in neighborhoods where incarceration rates are highest have fewer in life.  …but there is nothing different about these families, compared to middle- class families ◦

 Norms of reciprocity, again  Accountability ◦  A collapse in  -family breakdown  The added burden of a non-reciprocal relationship

 Kenny’s contributions ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦  Kenny and the Code of the Streets ◦  How long did it take for Kenny’s family to feel the effects of his incarceration?

 The extensiveness of this network  Maintaining a family from multiple- states away…  “…deserving of the kind of open- ended relationship in which participants can call upon one another according to their needs” (117)  The of incarceration  Difficulties faced post-incarceration

 How to help your loved one in prison?  The indignities (and stresses) of visitation ◦  Variation in application leads to frustration

 How the incarcerated deals with his shame and guilt  What a child feels: ◦

 What a child feels: ◦ Stigma ◦  in treatment of loved one  in the hardships faced ◦ The important need for

 The issue of phone calls ◦  Care packages  Travel to and from prison  Direct money contributions and gifts   The “less tangible” costs

 2/3rds of offenders employed  Loss of “non-monetary” assistance  (the lack of) Wealth Transmission ◦

 The role of racial disparity in the (criminal justice) system ◦ $300,000,000,000 ◦ ¾ Whites own homes compared to ½ Blacks ◦ Blacks have 1/3 the assets of whites

 The loss of and capital  Increased marginal costs ◦  ◦ The impact of a non-reciprocal exchange relationships ◦ Increased transaction costs ◦ Social information exchange and the establishment of ◦ Sharing the burden through intimate relationships

 Incarceration and Childhood ◦ Growing up too soon  Sibs and household work ◦ Sexual abuse ◦ Depression ◦ Truancy/running away ◦ Importance of fathers ◦ Scarred children (footnote page 103)

 Pains of losing the loved one  Fear for loved one in prison  Increase in tensions within the family  Loss of human connections  The incarcerated faces additional worry about their loved ones on the outside