UCSC Known Genes Version 3 Take 10

Overall Pipeline Get alignments etc. from database Remove antibody fragments Clean alignments, project to genome Cluster into splicing graph Add EST, Exoniphy, OrthoSplice info. Walk unique transcripts out of graph. Assign coding regions (CDS) to transcripts. Classify into coding, antisense, noncoding. Remove weak transcripts. Assign accessions. Get alignments etc. from database Remove antibody fragments Clean alignments, project to genome Cluster into splicing graph Add EST, Exoniphy, OrthoSplice info. Walk unique transcripts out of graph. Assign coding regions (CDS) to transcripts. Classify into coding, antisense, noncoding. Remove weak transcripts. Assign accessions.

Removing Antibody Var Regions Chromosomes 2,14,22 contain antibody regions. Thousands of transcripts for these in Genbank. Gaps are from genomic rearrangements, not splicing. Millions of possibilities. Identify regions by: –Searching for words like ‘immunoglobulin’ ‘variable’ to make initial set of Ab fragments. –Treat anything that overlaps these as Ab fragment too. –Cluster together putative Ab fragments. –Take 4 largest clusters as the 4 variable regions. (One is just a pseudogene of a real variable region.) Remove all alignments in Ab clusters. Replace with a single noncoding gene for each cluster near end of gene build. Chromosomes 2,14,22 contain antibody regions. Thousands of transcripts for these in Genbank. Gaps are from genomic rearrangements, not splicing. Millions of possibilities. Identify regions by: –Searching for words like ‘immunoglobulin’ ‘variable’ to make initial set of Ab fragments. –Treat anything that overlaps these as Ab fragment too. –Cluster together putative Ab fragments. –Take 4 largest clusters as the 4 variable regions. (One is just a pseudogene of a real variable region.) Remove all alignments in Ab clusters. Replace with a single noncoding gene for each cluster near end of gene build.

Chr22 Ab Region (lambda light chain)

Cleaning and projecting

Cluster into splicing graph Make graph where vertices are begin/ends of exons, edges are exons and introns. Multiple input transcripts can share vertices and edges. Make graph where vertices are begin/ends of exons, edges are exons and introns. Multiple input transcripts can share vertices and edges.

Make graph Snap soft ends to hard

Extend soft ends to hard

Consensus of soft ends

Walk graph to get nonredundant transcripts

Splicing graph and txWalk

Adding Evidence to Graph Initial evidence for each edge comes from mRNAs. If edge is supported by at least 2 ESTs. (Single EST likely is same clone as single RNA…) Just use spliced ESTs Make graph in mouse and map via chains. Reinforce orthologous human edges. Reinforce exon edges that overlap Exoniphy predictions. Evidence weight: refSeq 100, each mRNA 2, est pair 1, mouse ortho 1, exoniphy 1. Initial evidence for each edge comes from mRNAs. If edge is supported by at least 2 ESTs. (Single EST likely is same clone as single RNA…) Just use spliced ESTs Make graph in mouse and map via chains. Reinforce orthologous human edges. Reinforce exon edges that overlap Exoniphy predictions. Evidence weight: refSeq 100, each mRNA 2, est pair 1, mouse ortho 1, exoniphy 1.

Walking graph Weight of 3 on an edge is good enough. Single exon gene edges take 4 though. Rank input RNA by whether refSeq, and number of good edges they use. If any good edges, output a transcript consisting of the edges used by the first RNA. Output transcript based on next RNA if the good edges it uses have not been output in same order before. Continue until reach last RNA. Weight of 3 on an edge is good enough. Single exon gene edges take 4 though. Rank input RNA by whether refSeq, and number of good edges they use. If any good edges, output a transcript consisting of the edges used by the first RNA. Output transcript based on next RNA if the good edges it uses have not been output in same order before. Continue until reach last RNA.

Evidence, Walk, AltSplice

Assigning Coding Regions Score ORF as so: –1 point for each base in orf –50 points for initial ATG –100 points if ATG follows Kozak rules G after ATG or A/G 3 bases before –-400 points if nonsense mediated decay Last intron more than 55 bases past stop codon –-0.5 points for each base in upstream ORF –-0.5 points each base in upstream Kozak ORF –+1 point each base also ORF in other species Rhesus, mouse, dog Scheme agrees with RefSeq reviewed ~96% of the time. Score ORF as so: –1 point for each base in orf –50 points for initial ATG –100 points if ATG follows Kozak rules G after ATG or A/G 3 bases before –-400 points if nonsense mediated decay Last intron more than 55 bases past stop codon –-0.5 points for each base in upstream ORF –-0.5 points each base in upstream Kozak ORF –+1 point each base also ORF in other species Rhesus, mouse, dog Scheme agrees with RefSeq reviewed ~96% of the time.

Comparing ORF Finders methodsamecloseinout Big orf62.9%30.4%4.0%2.7% Kozak87.2%7.4%2.3%2.2% twinOrf * 85.6%7.5%2.3%1.8% bestOrf80.9%14.4%2.9%1.9% txCdsPredict92.8%4.7%1.1%1.3% + ortho93.3%4.4%1.1%1.3% Comparison vs. RefSeq reviewed ORF annotations. * twinOrf only predicts if has homologous sequence. This run with dog, only adds up to 97.2% for this reason.

CDS Mapping, Filtering

Classifying and Weeding The transcripts are classified into: –Coding: CDS survives trimming stage –Near-coding: overlap coding by at least 20 bases on same strand –Antisense: overlap coding by at least 20 bases on opposite strand –Noncoding: other transcripts Near-coding transcripts that show signs of incomplete splicing (retained intron, bleeds > 100 bases into intron) are removed. The transcripts are classified into: –Coding: CDS survives trimming stage –Near-coding: overlap coding by at least 20 bases on same strand –Antisense: overlap coding by at least 20 bases on opposite strand –Noncoding: other transcripts Near-coding transcripts that show signs of incomplete splicing (retained intron, bleeds > 100 bases into intron) are removed.

Take 10 Statistics classgenestranscripts coding nearCodingN/A4469 antisense uncoding RefSeq Statistics classgenestranscripts coding nearCodingN/A14 antisense19 uncoding590592