CEEC “Appropriate Technology” Panel “Baylor Initiatives in Appropriate Technology” Jim Farison

Baylor Initiatives in Appropriate Technology Part 1 - Baylor’s Appropriate Technology Symposium – May Part 2 - Baylor’s New Masters Programs, including a Master of Engineering program with Appropriate Technology option Part 3 - Baylor’s Appropriate Technology Example

Part 1 – Baylor’s AT Symposium Report “Symposium on Science and Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries” May 17-18, 2004 Baylor University

“Symposium on Science and Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries” Baylor University Monday AM “Welcome” – President Robert Sloan and Provost David Jeffrey “Holistic Development and Appropriate Technology for Sustainable Development in Two-thirds of the World” – B. E. Vijayam, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India “Climbing the Development Ladder ‘Appropriately’” – Frank Matthews, Colorado School of Mines “Two Case Studies in Appropriate Technology” – Otto Helwig, North Dakota State University

“Symposium on Science and Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries” Baylor University Monday PM “TWAS at 20: Scientific Capacity through South-South Cooperation” – Daniel Schaefer, Third World Academy of Sciences “A Mechanism for Building Scientific and Technological Infrastructure on the African Continent” – Sekazi Mtingwa, North Carolina A&T University “Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Developing Countries” – Kenell Tourjan, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

“Symposium on Science and Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries” Baylor University Tuesday AM “Engineering for the Developing World: Challenges and Opportunities” – Bernard Amadei, University of Colorado “Educational Opportunities in Appropriate Technology for Undergraduate Students” – Margaret Pinnel, University of Dayton “Transformational Engagement: Program Strategies for College and Universities” – David Vader, Messiah College “Emerging US/Africa Collaborations in Materials Science” – Wole Soboyejo, Princeton University

“Symposium on Science and Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries” Baylor University Tuesday PM “World Vision Relief and Development: Program Strategies, Structure, Roles and Opportunities” – Ray Norman, Messiah College “Engineering and Missions Integration at SPU” – Anthony Donaldson, Seattle Pacific University “Selecting a Technology to Generate Electricity in Remote Areas” – Matthew Green, University of Texas “Conclusion” – Walter Bradley, Baylor University

Sample Presentation from Baylor “AT” Symposium The next slide is borrowed from one of the presentations at the Baylor AT Symposium: CU Program in Engineering for Developing Communities Dr. Bernard Amadei Several additional slides from his AT Symposium presentation were also shown in this CEEC panel session.

CU Program in Engineering for Developing Communities Dr. Bernard Amadei Viewing the Developing World as the Classroom of the 21 st Century Mission: A program dedicated to educating globally responsible students who can offer sustainable and appropriate technology solutions to the endemic problems faced by developing communities worldwide (including the US). Issues of interest include water, sanitation, energy, shelter, health, food, jobs and capital for developing communities

Some Personal Observations Appropriate Technology initiatives involve – certainty of unlimited possibilities extend of projects already underway cost of development and implementation (+travel) probability of implementation and/or sustainability limitations (failures) risk of community non-acceptance likelihood of unintended consequences payoff in great fulfillment (or disappointment)

Part 2 – Baylor’s New Masters Programs “Master of Engineering Degree with Option in ‘Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries’” Baylor University

Baylor’s New Masters Programs During , Baylor University initiated graduate work at the Masters level. Traditional research/thesis-oriented Master of Science programs are offered in: Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering A more professionally oriented Master of Engineering program is also available.

Baylor’s New Masters Programs Master of Engineering Requirements Requires 33 credit hours (MS requires 30) Project for 3-6 credit hours depending on the scope of project (MS thesis is 6 credits) Course work of credits – At least 15 credits must be taken in engineering – Up to 15 credits may be taken from the MBA program in business

Baylor’s New Masters Programs Master of Engineering Focus Practice-oriented students (as distinct from research-oriented students) who want to get advanced training in engineering and business at the MBA level Engineering classes the same as the Master of Science programs Distinction in the type of project selected (oriented more to application than discovery) and the opportunity to replace some engineering courses with business courses

Baylor’s New Masters Programs Appropriate Technology Emphasis One new senior elective/graduate course to be developed Primary emphasis is in the project selected; for example, –Explore possibility of using coconut oil (possibly with refining) as a substitute for diesel fuel (huge benefit for South Seas Islands such as Papua New Guinea) –Design and deploy mini-hydroelectric equipment to be used in mountainous regions of developing countries with abundant rain fall –Develop more energy efficient and safe cooking stoves

Part 3 – Baylor “AT” Example POSSIBILITY OF USING COCONUT OIL AS A SUBSTITUTE FUEL FOR DIESEL ENGINES John Pumwa and Walter L. Bradley School of Engineering & Computer Science Baylor University

COCONUT GROWING ZONES OF THE WORLD Potential Zones of Coconut Production: Zone 1 – High Productivity of Coconuts Zone 2 – Medium Productivity of Coconuts Zone 3 – Low Productivity of Coconuts

INTRODUCTION Coconuts Palms are the most widespread and naturally sustainable tropical agricultural crops grown abundantly in the South Pacific Islands and parts of Asia.are the most widespread and naturally sustainable tropical agricultural crops grown abundantly in the South Pacific Islands and parts of Asia. can tolerate poor sandy soils with saline water and survives frequent cyclones. can tolerate poor sandy soils with saline water and survives frequent cyclones. can bear a bunch of fruits each month for about 65 of their 70 to 80 year life span. can bear a bunch of fruits each month for about 65 of their 70 to 80 year life span. require minimum maintenance. require minimum maintenance. are and have been way of life for the indigenous island people. They call the coconut palm the “Tree of Life”. are and have been way of life for the indigenous island people. They call the coconut palm the “Tree of Life”.

MAIN USES OF COCONUTS Copra:  This is the dried flesh (the white endosperm) of the nut which is the commercial product that enters the world trade.  Has an oil content of between 65% and 72%.  Is typically the highest priced vegetable oil on the world markets.

MAIN USES OF COCONUT Copra Cont’d:  Over the past 50-years, competition from other oilseeds has unsteadily eroded copra prices at about 2% per year.  As prices fluctuate, farmers respond accordingly by:  Increasing nut collection and maintaining coconut palms during high prices and;  Virtually abandoning nut collection and ceasing to maintain coconut palms when prices are low.  This results in Farmers losing their prime source of cash income.  THEREFORE, THERE IS A NEED TO CREATE A DEMAND FOR THE COCONUT CROP!

Papua New Guinea’s Oil Seed Commodities (2000 – 2002) Year Oil Seed Export Commodities Coconut OilCopraPalm Oil Tonnes 10 3 US$ (Million) Tonnes 10 3 US$ (Million) Tonnes 10 3 US$ (Million)

UTILIZATION OF COCONUT OIL AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR FOSSIL FUEL APPLICATIONS  Similar to all other raw vegetable oils (soybean, rapeseed, linseed etc.), Coconut oil does have very similar properties to diesel fuel: In fact, the rebels in Bougainville Island have been using the raw coconut oil as a source of fuel to generate power with minor modifications to their engines! In fact, the rebels in Bougainville Island have been using the raw coconut oil as a source of fuel to generate power with minor modifications to their engines! Coconut oils have been used in Vanuatu to power a vehicle. Coconut oils have been used in Vanuatu to power a vehicle.  However, apart from engine fouling after few hours of operation, like other raw vegetable oils, coconut oil may also be used as a Fuel, but has the problem that it is too viscous in cold weather.

Important Diesel Fuel and Vegetable Oil Properties Fuel Specific Energy (MJ/kg) Cetane Number Kinematic Viscosity (cS) Solidifica tion Point (C) Iodine Value Saponificat ion Value Petroleum Diesel 45.3 Gross °C Coconut Oil °C Palm Oil 39.6 Gross Rapeseed Oil °C Soybean Oil 40 °C Linseed Oil 40 °C

IMPORTANT PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OIL Specific Energy – indication of the fuel’s energy released when it is burned. Coconut oil’s energy (42 MJ/kg) is more or less equivalent to Petroleum Diesel. Cetane Number (CN) – indication of the fuel’s willingness to ignite when it gets compressed. Coconut oil’s CN (60) is the highest. Viscosity – indication of the fuel’s ability to atomize in the injector system. Coconut oil’s viscosity is comparable with other oils but much more than petroleum diesel. Higher viscosity will cause poor volatilization of the fuel. Solidification Point – indication of the temperature at which the fuel will turn solid. Coconut oil’s solidification point (25 °C) is at room temperature. Iodine Value (IV) – indication of the ability of the fuel to polymerize due to the fuels’ degree of bonds available. Coconut oil’s IV (10) is the lowest among all the fuel so it can be used directly in the engines without modification. Saponification Value (SV) – indication of the fuel’s ability to vaporize and atomize due to the fuels carbon chains. Coconut oil has the highest SV (268) which will ignite more quickly than others.

IMPROVING COCONUT OIL PROPERTIES Improvements to coconut oil properties & characteristics can be achieved by using the following methods: –Pyrolysis –Microemulsification –Dilution –Transesterification or Production of Biodiesel The coconut oil derivatives achieved by applying any of the above methods not only should approximate the properties and performance of the hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels but environmentally friendly!

BENEFITS OF USING COCONUT OIL AS FUEL SUBSTITUTE FOR DIESEL ENGINES Revitalize existing coconut farms by providing demand for coconut oil which will lead to an expansion of production.Revitalize existing coconut farms by providing demand for coconut oil which will lead to an expansion of production. Stabilize the income from coconut production.Stabilize the income from coconut production. Development of new industries:Development of new industries: Providing Training Opportunities for the new industriesProviding Training Opportunities for the new industries Decrease balance of trade payments – Reverse balance of trade payments.Decrease balance of trade payments – Reverse balance of trade payments. Reduction in the imported fuelReduction in the imported fuel Provide energy security (Coconut oil is natural renewable energy source)Provide energy security (Coconut oil is natural renewable energy source) Provide safe environment:Provide safe environment: BiodegradableBiodegradable Significantly less air pollution (even smells nice!)Significantly less air pollution (even smells nice!)

CONCLUSIONS Pure coconut oil has been and can be used as a possible fuel substitute for diesel engines. Coconut oil derivatives should prove to be an excellent fuel substitute for diesel engines with improved performance characteristics. Similar to other vegetable oil derivatives, coconut oil derivates should provide an environmentally friendly fuel source. Coconut/copra prices should be stabilized or even increased. This should stop forcing farmers to abandon their coconut farms. It should improve the overall national economy. It should reduce reliance on imported petroleum diesel fuel.