Operational Urban Mesonet-Driven Model for Homeland Defense Applications Situational Awareness for Emergency Services... “Accurate environmental information is critical to operational success” Mark C. Beaubien, Sr. Engineer

2 The Problem Weather conditions affect plume dispersion Metropolitan scale met prediction capability limited both in training and real time data Real time data not in a usable format for command and control purposes (METAR) Legacy weather systems inadequate for real time decision making (e.g. evacuation)

3 Current Situation: Insufficient granularity of measurements 2D Satellite Data feeds 3D Numerical Weather Models “sparse matrix problem, poorly bounded”

4 Multi-Sensor Real Time Profiling of the Battlespace Atmosphere GPS radiosonde upper air winds PTU ,000’ Total Sky Imager cloud motion % cloud cover visibility ’ Wind Lidar surface winds outside wake ’

5 Weather Web Core Sensor Technology Joint Battlespace Infosphere “Sensor Cloud”

6 YESDAQ Fixed-Base Network of Multiple Sensor Types

7 Weather Web Network Data Architecture Application-Specific Sensors Deployed in the field ACQUIRE Remote Database Stores in the Field Provide Redundancy STORE Data Links to Numerical Weather Prediction and other Downstream Command and Decision Applications DECIDE AND ACT Centralized Replicated Database at Command Center COMMUNICATE

8 Logistics for Metropolitan Scale Networks Who are the data stakeholders? Who owns the site real estate? Who owns the equipment? Who maintains the equipment? Who physically controls the sites?

9

10 Planning the Network

11 Weather Web Test Bed Mt Greylock 3491 ft S1 S2 High School 925 ft S2 Taconic SP 1540 ft S2 Mt Ramier 2560 ft S2 Landfill 610 ft S2 Clarksburg SF 2283 ft Hariman-West Airport 653 ft S1 S2 Notch Road 1870 ft Adams North Adams Williamstown South Williamstown

12 Met Sensor Node YES TSI-880 Sonic Anemometer YES MET-2010 DC supply (Present weather, sky, precip, visibility) (PTH) (Surface winds)

13 Sensor Node 2004 CPU EEPROM A/D Converter FM FSK transmitter RF Amplifier Xmit RF Antenna Wind speed direction Sensor Pressure, Temperature, %Humidity, Sensors GPS Engine (time/position) GPS Satellites 1.5 GHz GPS recv Antenna Optional RAD-7001 Nuclear Radiation Detector

14 TMS-7200

15 Real Time Display

16 Total Sky Imager Animated Panoramic Horizon View Animation Controls Raw Image View National Weather Service Albany, NY Model TSI-880 imager

17 Inferring winds from cloud motion

18 ASRC “REAL TIME”MOHAWK 0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03 1 mile separation

19 ASRC “TIME SHIFT -3 min”MOHAWK 0:00 0:01 0:02 0:03

20 In-situ Upper Air GPS Radiosonde MERV ARL “FORCE PROTECTION”

21 Optical Fiber Wind Lidar Lidar: Light Detection and Ranging –Same as Radar only done at Light frequencies –Light Source is typically a monochromatic Laser –When Sensing Environmental Parameters: LIDAR –When Sensing or Imaging “Hard Targets”: LADAR (Laser Detection and Ranging) Laser Light Source Environmental Element (Smoke, Cloud, etc.) "Hard Target" Scattered/Reflected Light Optics (Telescope) Optical Detector Electronic Amplification Data Reduction and Display

22 Soft Target Tracking: Vector-Resolved Winds

23 Hard Target Tracking: of Smoke Plumes

24 Lidar Data: Hard and Soft Target Data Examples

25 Lidar Data: Tracking Precipitation and Hydrosols Spectral Signature Extraction & Distribution Analysis Fog/Drizzle/RainSnow/Sleet

26 RF link advantages vs. telco Rapid setup No long term recurring costs Reliability Flexibility if stations must move

27 Summary Yankee develops and produces precision meteorological instrumentation and systems Weather Web - A rapidly deployable network of expendable meteorological sensors Weather Web Test Successful in TMS Met sensor linked with HPAC

28 Single Point Access to Environmental Data