1 BAESI - Global Warming: Food Climate Connections The Greenhouse Effect Dr. Eugene Cordero San Jose State University Outline  Greenhouse effect  Energy Balance  Activities

The Atmosphere

Principal Atmospheric Gases GASMASS Nitrogen 75% Oxygen 23% Argon 1% Water Vapor 0.3% CO %

Principal Atmospheric Gases GASMASS Nitrogen 75% Oxygen 23% Argon 1% Water Vapor 0.3% CO % Greenhouse gases

Earth’s Energy Balance  Energy entering top of atmosphere  Energy entering the Earth’s surface

Earth’s Energy Balance  Energy entering top of atmosphere  Energy entering the Earth’s surface = Energy leaving top of atmosphere = Energy leaving Earth’s surface

Solar Radiation (Sunlight)  Sunlight is primarily made up of the following: – – – Unit: 1  m = m

Solar Radiation (Sunlight)  Sunlight is primarily made up of the following: –Visible Light (44%) –Infrared Radiation (48%) –Ultraviolet Radiation (7%) Unit: 1  m = m

Energy from the Sun  Obviously, the Sun provides the Earth with it’s energy. The question is, how much of the Sun’s energy does the Earth get?  Sun’s energy is either – –  Scattering happens by bouncing off –Particles in the atmosphere –  Absorption happens when certain gases absorb the energy –

Energy from the Sun  Obviously, the Sun provides the Earth with it’s energy. The question is, how much of the Sun’s energy does the Earth get?  Sun’s energy is either –Scattered (reflected away) or –Absorbed  Scattering happens by bouncing off –Particles in the atmosphere –Earth’s surface  Absorption happens when certain gases absorb the energy –The reality is the only certain gases absorb certain wavelengths.

Incoming solar radiation  Each ‘beam’ of incoming sunlight can be either: –Reflected back to space:  –Or absorbed; either by atmosphere (e.g. clouds or ozone) or Earth’s surface.

Incoming solar radiation  Each ‘beam’ of incoming sunlight can be either: –Reflected back to space:  Clouds  Atmosphere  Surface –Or absorbed; either by atmosphere (e.g. clouds or ozone) or Earth’s surface. Albedo

Absorption of radiation  Absorption of shortwave radiation by atmospheric gas molecules is small; –most absorption of shortwave radiation occurs at the Earth’s surface.  Most gases do not interact strongly with longwave radiation, however –

Absorption of radiation  Absorption of shortwave radiation by atmospheric gas molecules is fairly weak; –most absorption of shortwave radiation occurs at the Earth’s surface.  Most gases do not interact strongly with longwave radiation, however –Greenhouse gas molecules absorb certain wavelengths of longwave radiation.

Absorption of radiation in the Earth’s atmosphere

Recap  ______________ radiation comes from the sun and is composed of both ultraviolet and visible radiation  __________________ radiation comes from the Earth and is composed of infrared radiation  Recall that everything (above a temperature of 0K) emits some type of radiation (energy) with a particular wavelength.

Recap  ______________ radiation comes from the sun and is composed of both ultraviolet and visible radiation  __________________ radiation comes from the Earth and is composed of infrared radiation  Recall that everything (above a temperature of 0K) emits some type of radiation (energy) with a particular wavelength. Shortwave or solar Longwave, terrestrial or infrared

Longwave radiation is emitted from surface. Some surface radiation escapes to space Most outgoing longwave is absorbed in atmosphere (by greenhouse gases) Greenhouse gases emit longwave upward and downward Some atmospheric radiation escapes to space Some atmospheric radiation is absorbed at the surface

Greenhouse Effect Sequence of steps: Result: warmer surface temperature

Greenhouse Effect Sequence of steps: 1.Solar radiation absorbed by earth’s surface. 2.Earth gives off infrared radiation. 3.Greenhouse gases absorb some of the Earth’s infrared radiation. 4.Greenhouse gases (water and CO2) give off infrared radiation in all directions. 5.Earth absorbs downward directed infrared radiation Result: warmer surface temperature

Earth’s Greenhouse Effect  Without the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature of Earth would be –  Greenhouse gases play an important role in shaping climate. – –

Earth’s Greenhouse Effect  Without the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature of Earth would be –Very Cold (-18°C)  Greenhouse gases play an important role in shaping climate. –More GHGs – warmer climate –Less GHGs – cooler climate

Activity Draw a diagram showing how the earth is heated by the Sun. Include arrows and/or lines to indicate the ‘Energy Balance” of the earth. Energy Balance – Energy coming in and energy going out. In your diagram, include how clouds absorb, reflect and emit energy.

1.What percentage of the sun’s radiation is a)absorbed by the Earth’s surface? b)absorbed by the atmosphere c)reflected out to space? 2.What percentage of the energy received by the earth’s surface comes directly from greenhouse gas emissions? 3.If the sun’s radiation was to increase by 10%, how would the following energy units change (increase, decrease or stay the same) a)Energy gained by the Earth’s surface. b)Energy lost by the Earth’s surface. c)Energy emitted by greenhouse gases. d)Energy lost to space. Activity 2