By Prof. Lydia Ayers

Intervals, Scales, Tuning and Melody Melody Pitches, one after the other, which form a musical idea (a “tune”) Scale Ordered Set of Pitches Tuning Precise Frequencies (Colors the Scale) Supporting Raw Material Intervals

Tuning System a way to select the frequencies of pitches to form intervals, scales and chordsa way to select the frequencies of pitches to form intervals, scales and chords in tune = in focusin tune = in focus

[ii:34] In Tune = In Focus OUT OF TUNE (with fast beats) IN TUNE (beats disappear)

Beats (Beating) a periodic cancellation and reinforcement between waveforms as they interfere with each othera periodic cancellation and reinforcement between waveforms as they interfere with each other given two frequencies, 440 and 442 Hertz, the ear hears a single tone of 441 Hertz, fluctuating in amplitude at 2 beats per secondgiven two frequencies, 440 and 442 Hertz, the ear hears a single tone of 441 Hertz, fluctuating in amplitude at 2 beats per second [ii:35] sine waves at:[ii:35] sine waves at: 440 Hertz440 Hertz 442 Hertz442 Hertz 440 and 442 Hertz together (with 2 beats per second)440 and 442 Hertz together (with 2 beats per second)

AccidentalsAccidentals

FlatsFlats Marks which look like small "b"s that have been sat on.Marks which look like small "b"s that have been sat on. Their function is to lower a note by a semi-tone (more or less).Their function is to lower a note by a semi-tone (more or less). David Barber and Dave Donald A Musician's Dictionary

SharpSharp A term for describing a note that has been slightly raised in pitch (intentionally or otherwise).A term for describing a note that has been slightly raised in pitch (intentionally or otherwise). David Barber and Dave Donald, Tenors, Tantrums and Trills

AccidentalsAccidentals written to the left of the pitches they alterwritten to the left of the pitches they alter change all subsequent appearances of the pitch they alter in that octave until the bar linechange all subsequent appearances of the pitch they alter in that octave until the bar line

AccidentalsAccidentals Enharmonic equivalentsEnharmonic equivalents different note spellings of the same pitch - "synonyms"different note spellings of the same pitch - "synonyms" Bb = A#Bb = A# C# = DbC# = Db

IntervalInterval the distance between two pitchesthe distance between two pitches the pitches of an interval may sound at the same time or one after the otherthe pitches of an interval may sound at the same time or one after the other

IntervalsIntervals we can find intervals between the pitches of the harmonic serieswe can find intervals between the pitches of the harmonic series P P P

Names of Intervals come from the number of scale steps to count from the first onecome from the number of scale steps to count from the first one ONE scale step counts as the SECOND (2) intervalONE scale step counts as the SECOND (2) interval two notes at the first pitch, or tonic, count as the unison (1) intervaltwo notes at the first pitch, or tonic, count as the unison (1) interval

Types of Intervals augmented intervals + 1/2 stepaugmented intervals + 1/2 step diminished intervals - 1/2 stepdiminished intervals - 1/2 step perfect intervalsperfect intervals major intervalsmajor intervals (1/2 step) (1/2 step) minor intervalsminor intervals