Electromagnetic waves

Electronic transitions

Vibrational fine structure

Stretching and bending vibrational modes for a CH 2 group

Normal vibrational modes H2OH2O CO 2

Part of the rotational-vibrational spectrum of HCl Gas, showing the presence of P- and R- branches. Frequency is on the x-axis, and transmittance on the y-axis.HCl

Kinetic techniques

Determination of Concentration by Spectroscopic Methods Beer’s Law I o = Intensity of incident light I = Intensity of transmitted light  = molar extinction coefficient l = path length of cell c = concentration of sample

Quantitative aspect

When  X =  Y and [X] + [Y] is constant, Isosbestic points occur

Morse energy curve for a diatomic molecule

Morse curve

Anharmonic Oscillator Model for a Diatomic Molecule