Introduction- Tax Value How are people using stacked ecosystem services? – “Bringing Ecosystem Services to Market” (**can we mention?) – Broad spatial scale (Costanza) or very small scale

Introduction- Tax Value How are we evaluating stacked ecosystem services? – Compare tax value of a continually urbanizing region with high property values to dollar value of stacked ecosystem services – How does the dollar value of the stacked ecosystem services –nutrient retention, storm-water runoff mitigation, carbon storage, pollination – compare to property values in the study region? If property values are much higher than ES values, it’s hard for ES to compete. – In an area with rapid development and increasingly high land values, will the value of stacked services be able to compete? By creating stacked services markets, would it be likely to save land from development?

Methods- Study Site Upper Neuse River Basin, Central North Carolina – Current Population = 190,000 – Projected Population in 2025 = 280,000 – Size of Site = (**NEED VALUE)

Methods- Tax Value Land Valued at XX to $8.3 million – Taken from Triangle Land Conservancy Portions of 6 counties: Durham, Franklin, Granville, Orange, Person, Wake – Convert Tax Value to $/900 sq-m (30 meter resolution) – Division of quantiles (**show picture of scale) – Higher tax value in urban area Land prices in comparison to rest of NC??

Methods- Water Runoff Cost estimates associated with various storm-water BMPs if forest and agricultural areas are developed InVEST Water Yield Model – Used to determine how much water would be newly introduced to urban areas by converting agricultural and forest land cover/land use data from – Assume change in water yield is the run-off expected if those areas were developed. Costs of storm-water BMP’s not available for Upper Neuse River Basin – Substituted values for study performed in Mecklenburg County, NC (American Forests, 2010) – Unit cost of $2/cubic ft to mitigate additional storm-water runoff – Unit cost of $6/cubic ft to mitigate additional storm-water runoff

Methods- Nutrient Retention Nitrogen Loading Caps: – NCAC 15A Rule.0234 and Rule.0234 (6) (A) – Entire Upper Neuse Watershed – Point Source Loading of Falls Lake Dam = 15% of entire watershed Cost: – NC DENR/DWQ WARMF Report – Estimates a future Ecosystem Enhancement Program (EEF) nitrogen offset rate of $44/lb of nitrogen – Standardized 5% discount rate Data NameValue Maximum Allowable Nitrogen Loading (Entire Upper Neuse Watershed) 58, kg N/yr Nitrogen Loading (At point of interest – Falls Dam) 8, kg N/yr Cost97.00 $/kg/yr

Methods- Carbon High Value: Average Value: Low Value:

Methods- Pollination Local bee keeper estimate for managed pollinators – $40-60 per pallet using 1-2 pallets per acre for one season. Average/High Value: – $50 for 1 pallets, 1 acre, 1 season – INPUT VALUE = $300 for 2 pallets, 1 acre, 3 seasons Reclassified value output raster to percentiles – Converted cost per acre to cost per 900 sq m (pixel size) $300/acre for best pollination services = $66.72/pixel for best pollination services Scale to percentiles in pollination value output raster

Methods- Stacked ES Values Overlay all value maps: Areas of high dollar value for ES are lighter.