McGraw-Hill Technology Education © 2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved CHAPTER PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES

CE06_PP14-2 Competencies (Page 1 of 2) Describe the six steps of programming Discuss design tools including top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and logic structures Describe program testing and the tools for finding and removing errors Page 396

CE06_PP14-3 Competencies (Page 2 of 2) Describe CASE tools and object-oriented software development Explain the five generations of programming languages Page 396

CE06_PP14-4 Programs and Programming What is a Program? A problem-solving procedure A list of instructions Prewritten Custom-written Application software System software Page 398

CE06_PP14-5 What is Programming? Programming is software development Six step procedure Program specification Program design Program code Program test Program documentation Program maintenance Page 398

CE06_PP14-6 Step 1 Program Specifications Page 399

CE06_PP14-7 Input and Output Plans Page 400 End user sketches of desired output to help determine needed input to meet objective

CE06_PP14-8 Step 2 Program Design Plan a solution Use structured programming techniques Top-down program design Pseudocode Flowcharts Logic structures Documentation Page 401

CE06_PP14-9 Top-Down Program Design Page 402 Return

CE06_PP14-10 Pseudocode An outline of the logic for your program A summary of the program Page 403 Return

CE06_PP14-11 Flowchart Page 403 Return

CE06_PP14-12 Logic Structures Sequence structure Selection structure Loop structure Page 404 Return

CE06_PP14-13 Step 3 Program Code Writing the program or coding The good program Reliable Well documented Understandable to other programmers Structured programs best method Use the most appropriate computer language Page 406

CE06_PP14-14 Step 4 Program Test Debugging Testing Eliminating errors Syntax errors Logic errors Testing processing Page 410 Identified Syntax error

CE06_PP14-15 Step 5 Documentation Written descriptions and procedures about a program Important for people who will use the program Users Operators Programmers Page 410

CE06_PP14-16 Step 6 Program Maintenance 75% of total lifetime cost Error-free operations Effective program Two categories Operations Changing needs Page 412

CE06_PP14-17 CASE Tools Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) Automate development process Designing Coding Testing activities Page 413

CE06_PP14-18 Object-Oriented Software Development Focuses less on procedures, more on relationship between objects OOP: Object-oriented programming Object contains both the data and the processing operations Page 414

CE06_PP14-19 Generations of Programming Languages (Page 1 of 2) Occurring in “generations” or “levels” Levels-Machine languages to natural languages There are five generations : Lower level closer to machine language Higher level closer to human-like language Page 414

CE06_PP14-20 Generations of Languages (Page 2 of 2) 1 st -- Machine languages 2 nd -- Assembly languages 3 rd -- High level procedural languages (3GL) 4 th -- Problem-Oriented languages (4GL) 5 th -- Natural Languages & Visual programming languages(5GL) Page 415

CE06_PP14-21 A Look to the Future MI-Tech Synapse Solutions has created a system called MI-tech Understands word order and meaning Computer translates "wish list" into machine language Page 418

CE06_PP14-22 Discussion Questions (Page 1 of 2) Identify and discuss each of the six steps of programming. Describe CASE tools and OOP. How does CASE assist programmers? What is meant by “generation” in reference to programming languages? What is the difference between low-level and high-level languages? Page 427

CE06_PP14-23 Discussion Questions (Page 2 of 2) What is the difference between a compiler and an interpreter? What are logic structures? Describe the differences between the three logic types. Page 427