Single-subject experimental designs Single-subject (case) designs Experimental design in which a functional relationship is demonstrated _______________. All participants are exposed to the same ____, Each participant serves as his/her ______________. Does _____ mean that the study contains only ____ participant (although of course the study must have at least one) Because functional relationships are demonstrated within an individual you don’t need _________________ Sometimes called ___________ designs Lect 8a

Single-subject vs. Group designs Comparisons Group designs – different ______ exposed to different levels of IV. Compare different _______ Single-subject designs – all participants exposed to ___ levels of IV. Compare ______________ behavior under different conditions Group 1= IV level 1 Group 2= IV level 2 Participant 1= IV level 1 Participant 1= IV level 2 Participant 2= IV level 1 Participant 2= IV level 2 Lect 8a

Single-subject vs. Group designs Subject matter: Single-subject: Intensive investigation of behavior of ___________ Group designs: __________ performance Number of observations Single-subject: Observe behavior ___________ until stability – ______ experiments Group designs: Group designs usually test just a ___ _____ – short experiments Lect 8a

Single-subject vs. Group designs Number of subjects Single-subject: _________ Group designs: _________ Analysis of data: Group designs: _______________ Generality: Single-subject: assume generality when all subjects -___________________ Group designs: assume generality when subjects are _____________________ Lect 8a

Group vs. Single-subject designs Advantages of single-subject designs Analysis of behavior of _____________ Can use only a ______ subject Flexible - Can individualize treatment Can measure behavior at ____________ Disadvantages of single-subject designs Small n = ________ validity issues Difficult if to conduct comparisons if IV has permanent effects The reliance on ____________ rather than statistical analyses can cause problems Lect 8a

Single-subject experimental designs General Single-Subject Design Characteristics: 1. _________________________ - Behavior is observed repeatedly across time (Not just twice as in pre-post group designs) Behavior is measured across different phases (levels of __) Phase = ______ of observations under same conditions Baseline phase– _______________ Treatment/intervention phase – ______________________ Notation: __= baseline, ___ = treatment or IV #1, ___ = treatment or IV #2 Lect 8a

Why measure behavior repeatedly? Baseline IV Obtain _______________, e.g., variability at the start of a study/condition change: Baseline IV __________ of responding (learning) Lect 8a

What is the correct notation for the following graph? ___________________

General Single-Subject Design Characteristics 2. ______________________ (graphical not statistical analysis) Evaluate the ___________________, etc. of behavior over time Allows ________________ of behavior during BASELINE and TREATMENT conditions Allows determination of a _______________________ Data sometimes analyzed with ____________ records. Lect 8a

General Single-Subject Design Characteristics Experimental control is demonstrated ______ the individual Evaluate behavior of ______ individual, NOT the ______ of all individuals. Lect 8a

General Single-Subject Design Characteristics 4. Responding is analyzed at a _______________ = data show little variability and no trends ________________ - Rules used to determine when to consider data stable Should be described in ___________ terms Should be able to meet criteria within a ________________ _________________ Useful if they are ___________ to stability criteria used by other researchers Often ____________ in nature Should have at least __ data points per condition Lect 8a

What do when data are not stable? _______ Look for _____________ in the inconsistency (e.g., cyclical patterns) Modify _______________ Move to ______________ When to make a Phase changes? – Depends on performance When performance is _________ _____ when behavior is already improving Move when treatment must begin ______________ If behavior is _______________ Lect 8a