The Age of Things: Sticks, Stones and the Universe Molecular Dating and the Many Kinds of Mammals http://cfcp.uchicago.edu/~mmhedman/compton1.html

Proconsul

WARNING! Astrophysicist talking about Mammalian Phylogeny!

Non-Placental Mammals Marsupials Monotremes

Rodentia

Lagomorpha

Chiroptera

Carnivora

Primates

Cetacea

Atriodactyla

Perissodactlya

Xenarthra

Hyracoidea Sirenia Proboscidea Dermoptera Tubilentata Pholidota

Insectivora Scandentia Macroscelidea

Fossil Records of the Different Orders

Relationships between the orders derived from morphological characteristics

Perhaps orders arose rapidly when the dinosaurs died out

Molecular Data Sloth TGCCAAATTAGTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGTTT Hedgehog TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGAATGGACTACATGGTGTTCTTCAGCTT Sirenian TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Elephant TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Aardvark TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Mouse TGCCACTTCCGTTCCGTGGTCAGTTTGGATTACATGGTCTTCTTCAGCTT Rabbit TGCAAATTCGATTCTGTTATACCCATGGAATACATGGTCTTCTTTAGCTT Human TGCCAATTTGTTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGTCTACATGGTATACTTCAGCTT Flying Fox TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTCATAAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTATTTCAGCTT Whale TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Pig TGCCAGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Horse TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGCATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT Cat TGCCAGTTCCGTTCTGTCATGACGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT

Chimp Gorilla Orangutan Human 1.24% 1.62% 3.08% Chimp 1.63% 3.12% Gorilla 3.09% Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan

All animals do not accumulate mutations at the same rate

W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations

X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

Accumulates More Mutations X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Accumulates More Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

Accumulates More Mutations X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 Accumulates More Mutations 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

Tree Based on Molecular Characters Tree Based on Morphological Characters Tree Based on Molecular Characters

Afrotheria Xenartha Euarchonotoglires Laurasiatheria

Calibrating the molecular clock Proconsul Sivapithecus Calibrating the molecular clock Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan 5 1% Millions of years ago 10 2% Sivapithecus 15 3% Proconsul

X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

X Y Z W 40 50 70 X 30 50 Y 40 W X Y Z Time 2 Time 1 Time 0 10 Mutations 10 Mutations 30 Mutations 30 Mutations Time 1 5 Mutations 5 Mutations Time 0

Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips A simpler problem: Flipping Coins Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips

A simpler problem: Flipping Coins Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips

A simpler problem: Flipping Coins Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips Likelihood the coin was flipped a given number of times

120 Million Years Ago Eutherians

105 Million Years Ago Afrotheria Eutherians Xenarthra and others

90 Million Years Ago ? Euarchontoglires Laurasiatheria Afrotheria Xenarthra

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