APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION 4

In Sections 2.2 and 2.4, we investigated infinite limits and vertical asymptotes.  There, we let x approach a number.  The result was that the values of y became arbitrarily large (positive or negative). APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

In this section, we let become x arbitrarily large (positive or negative) and see what happens to y.  We will find it very useful to consider this so-called end behavior when sketching graphs. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

4.4 Limits at Infinity; Horizontal Asymptotes In this section, we will learn about: Various aspects of horizontal asymptotes. APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIATION

Let’s begin by investigating the behavior of the function f defined by as x becomes large. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

The table gives values of this function correct to six decimal places. The graph of f has been drawn by a computer in the figure. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Figure 4.4.1, p. 230

As x grows larger and larger, you can see that the values of f(x) get closer and closer to 1.  It seems that we can make the values of f(x) as close as we like to 1 by taking x sufficiently large. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Figure 4.4.1, p. 230

This situation is expressed symbolically by writing In general, we use the notation to indicate that the values of f(x) become closer and closer to L as x becomes larger and larger. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

Let f be a function defined on some interval. Then, means that the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking x sufficiently large. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 1. Definition

Another notation for is as  The symbol does not represent a number.  Nonetheless, the expression is often read as: “the limit of f(x), as x approaches infinity, is L” or “the limit of f(x), as x becomes infinite, is L” or “the limit of f(x), as x increases without bound, is L” HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

The meaning of such phrases is given by Definition 1. A more precise definition—similar to the definition of Section 2.4—is given at the end of this section. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

Geometric illustrations of Definition 1 are shown in the figures.  Notice that there are many ways for the graph of f to approach the line y = L (which is called a horizontal asymptote) as we look to the far right of each graph. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Figure 4.4.2, p. 231

Referring to the earlier figure, we see that, for numerically large negative values of x, the values of f(x) are close to 1.  By letting x decrease through negative values without bound, we can make f(x) as close as we like to 1. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Figure 4.4.1, p. 231

This is expressed by writing The general definition is as follows. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

Let f be a function defined on some interval. Then, means that the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L by taking x sufficiently large negative. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 2. Definition

Again, the symbol does not represent a number. However, the expression is often read as: “the limit of f(x), as x approaches negative infinity, is L” HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

Definition 2 is illustrated in the figure.  Notice that the graph approaches the line y = L as we look to the far left of each graph. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Figure 4.4.3, p. 232

The line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = f(x) if either HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 3. Definition

For instance, the curve illustrated in the earlier figure has the line y = 1 as a horizontal asymptote because HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 3. Definition Figure 4.4.1, p. 230

The curve y = f(x) sketched here has both y = -1 and y = 2 as horizontal asymptotes.  This is because: HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Figure 4.4.4, p. 232

Find the infinite limits, limits at infinity, and asymptotes for the function f whose graph is shown in the figure. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 1 Figure 4.4.5, p. 232

We see that the values of f(x) become large as from both sides.  So, HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 1 Figure 4.4.5, p. 232

Notice that f(x) becomes large negative as x approaches 2 from the left, but large positive as x approaches 2 from the right.  So,  Thus, both the lines x = -1 and x = 2 are vertical asymptotes. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 1 Figure 4.4.5, p. 232

As x becomes large, it appears that f(x) approaches 4. However, as x decreases through negative values, f(x) approaches 2.  So, and  This means that both y = 4 and y = 2 are horizontal asymptotes. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 1 Figure 4.4.5, p. 232

Find and  Observe that, when x is large, 1/x is small.  For instance,  In fact, by taking x large enough, we can make 1/x as close to 0 as we please.  Therefore, according to Definition 1, we have HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 2

Similar reasoning shows that, when x is large negative, 1/x is small negative.  So, we also have  It follows that the line y = 0 (the x-axis) is a horizontal asymptote of the curve y = 1/x.  This is an equilateral hyperbola. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 2 Figure 4.4.6, p. 233

Most of the Limit Laws given in Section 2.3 also hold for limits at infinity.  It can be proved that the Limit Laws (with the exception of Laws 9 and 10) are also valid if is replaced by or.  In particular, if we combine Laws 6 and 11 with the results of Example 2, we obtain the following important rule for calculating limits. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES

If r > 0 is a rational number, then If r > 0 is a rational number such that x r is defined for all x, then HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES 4. Theorem

Evaluate and indicate which properties of limits are used at each stage.  As x becomes large, both numerator and denominator become large.  So, it isn’t obvious what happens to their ratio.  We need to do some preliminary algebra. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 3

To evaluate the limit at infinity of any rational function, we first divide both the numerator and denominator by the highest power of x that occurs in the denominator.  We may assume that, since we are interested in only large values of x. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 3

In this case, the highest power of x in the denominator is x 2. So, we have: HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 3

HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 3

A similar calculation shows that the limit as is also  The figure illustrates the results of these calculations by showing how the graph of the given rational function approaches the horizontal asymptote HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 3 Figure 4.4.7, p. 234

Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of the graph of the function HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 4

Dividing both numerator and denominator by x and using the properties of limits, we have: HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 4

Therefore, the line is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of f. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 4 Figure 4.4.8, p. 235

In computing the limit as, we must remember that, for x < 0, we have  So, when we divide the numerator by x, for x < 0, we get  Therefore, HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 4

Thus, the line is also a horizontal asymptote. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 4 Figure 4.4.8, p. 235

A vertical asymptote is likely to occur when the denominator, 3x - 5, is 0, that is, when  If x is close to and, then the denominator is close to 0 and 3x - 5 is positive.  The numerator is always positive, so f(x) is positive.  Therefore, HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 4

 If x is close to but, then 3x – 5 < 0, so f(x) is large negative.  Thus,  The vertical asymptote is HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 4 Figure 4.4.8, p. 235

Compute  As both and x are large when x is large, it’s difficult to see what happens to their difference.  So, we use algebra to rewrite the function. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 5

We first multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate radical:  The Squeeze Theorem could be used to show that this limit is 0. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 5

However, an easier method is to divide the numerator and denominator by x.  Doing this and using the Limit Laws, we obtain: HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 5

The figure illustrates this result. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 5 Figure 4.4.9, p. 235

Evaluate  If we let t = 1/x, then as.  Therefore,. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 6

Evaluate  As x increases, the values of sin x oscillate between 1 and -1 infinitely often.  So, they don’t approach any definite number.  Thus, does not exist. HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTES Example 7

The notation is used to indicate that the values of f(x) become large as x becomes large.  Similar meanings are attached to the following symbols: INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY

Find and  When x becomes large, x 3 also becomes large.  For instance,  In fact, we can make x 3 as big as we like by taking x large enough.  Therefore, we can write Example 8 INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY

 Similarly, when x is large negative, so is x 3.  Thus,  These limit statements can also be seen from the graph of y = x 3 in the figure. Example 8 INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY Figure , p. 236

Find  It would be wrong to write  The Limit Laws can’t be applied to infinite limits because is not a number ( can’t be defined).  However, we can write  This is because both x and x - 1 become arbitrarily large and so their product does too. Example 9 INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY

Find  As in Example 3, we divide the numerator and denominator by the highest power of x in the denominator, which is just x: because and as Example 10 INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY

The next example shows that, by using infinite limits at infinity, together with intercepts, we can get a rough idea of the graph of a polynomial without computing derivatives. INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY

Sketch the graph of by finding its intercepts and its limits as and as  The y-intercept is f(0) = (-2) 4 (1) 3 (-1) = -16  The x-intercepts are found by setting y = 0: x = 2, -1, 1. Example 11 INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY

Notice that, since (x - 2) 4 is positive, the function doesn’t change sign at 2. Thus, the graph doesn’t cross the x-axis at 2.  It crosses the axis at -1 and 1. Example 11 INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY Figure , p. 237

When x is large positive, all three factors are large, so When x is large negative, the first factor is large positive and the second and third factors are both large negative, so Example 11 INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY

Combining this information, we give a rough sketch of the graph in the figure. Example 11 INFINITE LIMITS AT INFINITY Figure , p. 237

Definition 1 can be stated precisely as follows. Let f be a function defined on some interval (a, ). Then, means that, for every, there is a corresponding number N such that if x > N, then PRECISE DEFINITIONS 5. Definition

In words, this says that the values of f(x) can be made arbitrarily close to L (within a distance, where is any positive number) by taking x sufficiently large (larger than N, where N depends on ). PRECISE DEFINITIONS

Graphically, it says that, by choosing x large enough (larger than some number N), we can make the graph of f lie between the given horizontal lines and  This must be true no matter how small we choose. PRECISE DEFINITIONS Figure , p. 238

This figure shows that, if a smaller value of is chosen, then a larger value of N may be required. PRECISE DEFINITIONS Figure , p. 238

Similarly, a precise version of Definition 2 is given as follows. Let f be a function defined on some interval (,a). Then, means that, for every, there is a corresponding number N such that, if x < N, then PRECISE DEFINITIONS 6. Definition

This is illustrated in the figure. PRECISE DEFINITIONS Figure , p. 238

In Example 3, we calculated that In the next example, we use a graphing device to relate this statement to Definition 5 with and. PRECISE DEFINITIONS

Use a graph to find a number N such that, if x > N, then  We rewrite the given inequality as: PRECISE DEFINITIONS Example 12

We need to determine the values of x for which the given curve lies between the horizontal lines y = 0.5 and y = 0.7  So, we graph the curve and these lines in the figure. PRECISE DEFINITIONS Example 12 Figure , p. 239

Then, we use the cursor to estimate that the curve crosses the line y = 0.5 when  To the right of this number, the curve stays between the lines y = 0.5 and y = 0.7 PRECISE DEFINITIONS Example 12 Figure , p. 239

Rounding to be safe, we can say that, if x > 7, then  In other words, for, we can choose N = 7 (or any larger number) in Definition 5. PRECISE DEFINITIONS Example 12

Use Definition 5 to prove  Given, we want to find N such that, if x > N, then  In computing the limit, we may assume that x > 0  Then, PRECISE DEFINITIONS Example 13

Let’s choose So, if, then Therefore, by Definition 5, PRECISE DEFINITIONS Example 13

The figure illustrates the proof by showing some values of and the corresponding values of N. PRECISE DEFINITIONS Example 13 Figure , p. 239

Finally, we note that an infinite limit at infinity can be defined as follows. Let f be a function defined on some interval (a, ). Then, means that, for every positive number M, there is a corresponding positive number N such that, if x > N, then f(x) > M PRECISE DEFINITIONS 7. Definition

The geometric illustration is given in the figure.  Similar definitions apply when the symbol is replaced by PRECISE DEFINITIONS Figure , p. 240