Unit II Nursing profession Lecture 2 By Dr. Hala Yehia

The objectives of the lecture: 1- Define Nursing profession 2- Identify what Individual attributes required to be a nurse 3-Discuss History of nursing

Introduction: You have chosen to be a nurse. What does the word nurse mean? The word nurse derives from the Latin word meaning to nourish Nursing combines scientific principles, technical skills, and personal compassion Nursing is a practical and noble profession. .

What is Nursing profession Nursing as integral part of the health care system, encompasses the promotion of health, prevention of illness and care of physically ill and disabled people of all ages, in all health care and community settings

Who is the Nurse? The Nurse is a person who has completed a program of basic generalized nursing education and authorized by appropriate regulatory authority to practice nursing

Basic Nursing education is a formally recognized program of study providing a broad and sound foundation in the behavioral, life, and nursing science for the general practice of nursing, for leadership role, and for post-basic education for specialty or advanced nursing practice.

The nurse is prepared and authorized to: Engage in the general scope of nursing practice Carry out health care teaching Participate as a member health care team Supervise and train nurses and health care auxiliaries Involve in research.

Function of the nurse Caring for individuals, sick or well Assess the responses to health status. Assist individuals in the performance of activities contributing to health or recovery.

Function of the nurse Share with other health team the planning, implementation and evaluation to ensure the adequacy of the health system for promoting health, preventing illness, and caring for ill and disabled

The professional roles of the nurse Provider of health care to individuals, family, and community A manager and leader for nurses and Auxiliary personnel in both service and education settings

The professional roles of the nurse Teacher and trainer for student in nursing sciences both theoretically and practice A researcher as well as assisting in research Expert and consultant in nursing for national and international

Individual attributes required to be a nurse include A strong sense of responsibility A highest standards of integrity. Well education, Ability to integrate the art and the science of working with people

History of nursing Nursing is one of the youngest profession but one of the oldest arts. It evolved from the familial roles of nurturing and care taking.

Nursing in Ancient Time The nurse usually was the mother who cared for her family during sickness by providing physical care and herbal treatment. This nurturing and caring role of nurse has continued to include assisting women during childbirth, suckling healthy newborns, and ministering to the ill, aged and helpless within households and surrounding communities. Its hallmark was caring more than curing

Nursing in Christian Time During the Middle Ages in Europe, people attributed illness to punishment for sin or caused by evil spirit. Religious groups assumed many of the roles of nursing. Nuns and priests combined their efforts to save souls with commitment to care for the sick. But their number was not enough.

Nursing in Christian Time cont. Consequently, some convents engaged lay people to assist with physical care of the sick people. Nursing attendants were ignorant, uncouth, and apathetic to the need to their charge.

Nursing in Christian Time cont. Infection, pressure sores and malnutrition were a testimony to their neglect In the early Christian period, nursing began to have a formal and more clearly defined role. Led by the belief that love and caring for ‘others were important, women called deaconesses made the first organized visits to sick people and members of male religious orders gave nursing care

Nursing in Christian Time cont. The Greeks began to establish centers and Hospitals for the enormous number of pilgrims needing healthcare, and nursing became a respected vocation.

The influence of Hippocrates Hippocrates, born in 460 BC on the Greek island He is the Father of Medicine He helped to lay the groundwork for nursing and medicine He proposed the concept of physical assessment.

He emphasized the importance of caring for the whole person (holistic healthcare) Physician repeat the Hippocrates oath when graduating. Hippocrates healthcare education and training become standard as scientific knowledge increased

The Roman Matrons The first recorded history of nursing began with biblical women who cared for the sick and injured. The first nursing educator is a Roman woman who converted her house into a monastery

Monastic and military nursing orders Beginning in the first century, several monastic orders were established to care for the sick. Sometimes, the monastery itself became the refuge for sick and cared by religious men and women During the crusades, - female in northern Europe were nearly eliminated from giving nursing care care

Monastic and military nursing orders cont. Male military conducted most nursing care because they were required to defend the hospital as well as to care for the sick

The Reformation In the 1500s, during the European religious movement, many monasteries closed and the work of woman in religious orders nearly ended. 1800s, “The dark ages of nursing” the few women who cared for the sick were prisoners or prostitutes. Nursing was considered menial of all tasks.

By the late 1800s, many school for trained nurses existed throughout Europe. The status of nursing began to improve and many women including religious once again became involved in nursing care.

Florence Nightingale Was born in 1820 to wealthy English parents. She entered the deaconess school of nursing and her family were strongly apposed to her becoming a nurse and then graduated in 1853

Florence Nightingale cont. She was working as a manager for nursing home in London. During the Crimean war, 1854, Nightingale entered the battlefield with 38 other nurses and cared for sick and injured

Florence Nightingale cont. She insisted on establishing sanitary conditions and providing quality nursing care day and night carrying oil lamps which reduced the mortality rate.

Nightingale definition of nursing. In 1859 Nightingale said that nature alone cures, medicine and surgery assist nature to remove the obstruction. Nursing put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him.

Florence Nightingale school She opened the first nursing school out side hospitals in 1860. The nursing course was one year in length and included both classroom and clinical experiences in London. The school emphasized learning rather than service. Some principles of this school are still taught today.

Nightingale principles of nursing Cleanliness is vital to recovery The sick person has individual needs Nursing is an art and science Nurses should spend their time caring for others not cleaning Prevention is better than cure The nurse must work as a member of a team

Nightingale principles of nursing cont. Self-discipline and self-evaluation are important The nurse should be healthy in mind and body Teaching is part of nursing Nursing is a specialty A nurse should continue learning throughout her career

Nursing in the United States Nursing started as familial role. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, historical and nursing developments interacted to build the foundation of modern nursing practice The establishment and growth of a system of nursing education is the most important development that has shaped today’s nursing

Nursing in Islamic Time Nursing found since (El-Rasol period); women caring soldiers in war by permission from El Rasol and give care for wound also used method of administration in regulation and coordination the work.

Break

Unit II Nursing profession Lecture 3 37

Objectives of the lecture 1- Identify the existing system of nursing education 2- Determine the levels of nurses 3-Enumerate the scope of practice 4- List factors influencing the practice and competence of the nurse 5- Identify the code of ethics of nursing 38

The existing system of nursing education High nursing education : * university nursing education program. The admission requirements are secondary school certificate and the duration of the study is 4 years plus one year as internship. The graduate award after completion of this program a Bachelor degree in nursing sciences and be a specialist in nursing

The existing system of nursing education cont. The post graduate education for master degree and for doctorate degree is present in many countries and universities. The technical nursing education: A three year diploma in nursing . These schools allow to have a specialty diploma in certain countries. The period of study is 11 months after the finishing the general diploma. Example of these diploma: midwifery, school health visitors

The existing system of nursing education Assistant nursing education: These schools prepare assistant nurse in deferent specialty as first aid assistant nurse. However WHO is trying to permit practicing nursing only by specialist and close or technical schools

levels of Nurses 1- Nurse generalist: Has basic nursing generalized education and authorized by the appropriate regulatory authority to Practice nursing in his or her country (Bs Nurse)

levels of Nurses 2-Nurse specialist: Prepared beyond the level of a nurse generalist and authorized to practice as a specialist with advanced expertise in a branch of the nursing. The program of study is built upon the general education for the nurse. Specialty practice includes clinical, teaching, administration, research and consultant roles.

levels of Nurses 3-Nursing Auxiliary: Those who assist in the practice of nursing under the standards and the direct or indirect supervision of nurses are referred to a general sense as auxiliaries or assistants

The scope of practice The scope of practice is defined as the roles, competencies (knowledge, skills and attitudes) and the professional accountability of the nurse. Nursling's authority comes from evidence-based knowledge related to its sphere of practice.

The scope of practice cont. Nursing is also allied to other health professions through its collaborating, referring, and coordinating activities, and thus has developed a distinct as well as a shared body of knowledge and practice

Factors influencing The practice and competence of the nurse Education, experience, expertise and interests as well as the context of practice are among these factors. Therefore, definitions of roles and scope of practice need to reflect what is actual nursing..

Nurses require appropriate initial and ongoing education and training as well as lifelong learning to practice competently within their scope of practice.

The code of ethics of nursing profession The code of ethics is an essential characteristics of a profession. It provide means for exercise of professional self regulation.

It is expected that the nursing syndicate with the government authorities will be aware of the fact that to develop the nursing profession law. They should define the different roles and functions as well as the responsibilities of the nurse and decide the code of ethics of nursing

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