July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal1 ISKO 2008, Montréal 4W Vocabulary Mapping Across Diverse Reference Genres Michael Buckland and Ryan Shaw (& others) Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative and School of Information, Univ. of California, Berkeley Work supported by the Institute for Museum and Library Studies and by the National Endowment for the Humanities.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal2 Currently: -- Distinct reference genres -- Vocabulary mapping across similar vocabularies -- Codex-like infrastructure Need: -- Interlinked reference genres -- Vocabulary mapping across dissimilar vocabularies -- Union index infrastructure

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal3 Context determines understanding! Five ideas about use of digital corpora Understanding requires knowing the context.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal4 Five ideas about use of digital corpora Understanding requires knowing the context. 2. Using Internet resources should be like using a library reference collection – and as easy and as reliable. 3. Design: Find the context of any museum object, document, or performance: What is related to it in what it is, where it came from, when it originated, and who is associated with it? 4.WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, and WHO (“4W”) as a structure. 5.Make better use of existing descriptive metadata.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal5 Any word, name, document, or event Any resource: Audio, Images, Texts, Numeric data, Objects, Virtual reality, Webpages Any catalog: Archives, Libraries, Museums, TV, Publishers Connect it with its context – and other resources. Facet Vocabulary Displays WHAT Thesaurus Cross- e.g. LCSH references WHERE Gazetteer Map WHEN Period directory Timeline WHO Biograph. dict. Personal e.g. Who’s Who relations Context and relationships: Ireland and Irish Studies – Project diagram.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal6 WHAT Subject headings Cross-references in & between vocabularies Kung fu movies SEE Martial Arts films FORMERLY Hand-to-hand fighting, oriental, in motion pictures “Automobile” in four dialects: - PASS MOT VEH, SPARK IGN ENG (U.S.Import/Export statistics) - TL 205 (Library of Congress Classification) - 180/280 (US Patent classification) (Standard Industrial Classification) “HS Digital auto data proc mach contng in the same housing a CPU and input & output device.”(International Harmonized Commodity Classification System). NEED TO MAP TO & BETWEEN UNFAMILIAR VOCABULARIES = Computer!

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal7 WHEN? What happened in IRELAND in 1690s? Time Period Directory records in Google Earth. Zoom to Ireland and 1690s. Icon for siege of Limerick, Click link for library search. Catalog records list books and show context.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal8 WHO Biographical Dictionary Complex relationships Life events metadata WHAT: Actions prisoner WHERE: Places Holstein WHEN: Times WHO: People Margaret Sambiria But ideally we need external links to the best resources! Current project: Context finding for biographical texts. Example: Electronic search engine pioneer.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal9 Emanuel Goldberg, b. Moscow, 1881; son of Grigorii Goldberg; Univ. of Moscow, ; Ph.D w. Robert Luther, Leipzig Univ., 1906; Assistant, Adolf Miethe, TU Charlottenburg, ; Prof, Akad. f. graphische Künste, Leipzig, ; ICA, Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, ; Kinamo cine camera, 1921; microdots, 1925; search engine, 1927; Contax 35 mm camera 1932; kidnapped by Nazi SA; refugee in Paris, ; Laboratory, Palestine, Israel, 1937; d WHO? Click a name to search for an internet resource.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal10 Emanuel Goldberg, b. Moscow, 1881; son of Grigorii Goldberg; Univ. of Moscow, ; Ph.D w. Robert Luther, Leipzig Univ., 1906; Assistant, Adolf Miethe, TU Charlottenburg, ; Prof, Akad. f. graphische Künste, Leipzig, ; ICA, Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, ; Kinamo cine camera, 1921; microdots, 1925; search engine, 1927; Contax 35 mm camera 1932; kidnapped by Nazi SA; refugee in Paris, ; Laboratory, Palestine, Israel, 1937; d WHERE? Trace a life-path.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal11 Emanuel Goldberg, b. Moscow, 1881; son of Grigorii Goldberg; Univ. of Moscow, ; Ph.D w. Robert Luther, Leipzig Univ., 1906; Assistant, Adolf Miethe, TU Charlottenburg, ; Prof, Akad. f. graphische Künste, Leipzig, ; ICA, Zeiss Ikon, Dresden, ; Kinamo cine camera, 1921; microdots, 1925; search engine, 1927; Contax 35 mm camera 1932; kidnapped by Nazi SA; refugee in Paris, ; Laboratory, Palestine, Israel, 1937; d WHAT?

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal12 Initial sketch for “Context Finding / Building” interface. Save search path Save link & notes as “stand-off” markup. Save link & notes as embedded mark-up. Insert / block text Define facet Ranked lists of suggested resources for each facet chosen Display of search result

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal13 Scanned textNamed Entities

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal14 Hovering over a named entity highlights the areas where it appears in the text.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal15 Named entities are linked to specific resources or dynamic searches over relevant databases.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal16 Initially, named entities are linked to keyword searches at the appropriate name authorities and metadata services. Here we see a number of possible candidates for “Henry V”.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal17 Now that it has been disambiguated, the named entity links directly to the appropriate record.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal18 Named entities not detected automatically can be added manually.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal19 Edmund Hogan’s Onomasticon Goedelicum : Locorum et Tribuum Hiberniae et Scotiae = An Index, with Identifications, to the Gaelic Names of Places and Tribes If searchable online, one could, when reading an Irish studies text: 1. Search it (Context finder) 2. Markup text with links to it (Context builder); 3. Markup Hogan with reverse links to the Irish studies text (Context provider) – with rich consequences.

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July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal23 Facet genres include other facets Library subject headings Topic – Geographic subdivision – Chronological subdivision Place name gazetteer Place name – Type – Spatial markers (Lat & long) – When Time Period Directory Period name – Type – Time markers (Calendar) – Where Biographical Dictionary Person – Activity type – Time – Where – Who else

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal24 Facet genres with facets realigned. WhatWhereWhen Who WHAT (LCSH) X XXX WHERE (Place Gazet.) XXX- WHEN (Period dir.) XXX- WHO (Biogr dict.) XXXX From LCSH “Lighthouses” to NGA Gazetteer Geographic Description Code “Lthse” (Lighthouse). Gazetteer entries give locations of instances. Vertical mappings extend semantic links vocabularies, e.g. Horizontal links provide additional context.

July 7, 2008ISKO Montréal25 Facet Vocabulary Displays Reference Genre WHAT Topics Cross-references Dictionary, Encyclopedia WHERE PlacesMaps Atlas, gazetteer WHEN Periods Timeline Almanac, Chronology WHO Persons Personal relationships Biogr.dictionary, Whos Who Reference Genre Vocabulary Displays Facet Dictionary, encyclopedia TopicsCross-refs WHAT Atlas, gazetteerPlacesMaps WHERE Almanac, chronology Time Timelines WHEN Biogr. Dict., Who’s WhoPersons Personal relationships WHO Paper-based reference collection: Codex determines structure and use. Reversed in a digital environment: Metadata forms infrastructure. And, better, build a union index, so you know where too look!