« La démocratie représentative s’est imposé dans son principe au moment où elle s’est fragilisée dans son fonctionnement » Pierre Rosanvallon, La démocratie inachevée, Histoire de la souveraineté du peuple en France, Paris 2000 La démocratie directe a commencé de fonctionner fragilement au moment où ses principes ne se sont pas encore imposés.

Merits and limits of DD as a solution to the legitimicy deficits of the European Union Merits and limits of DD as a solution to the legitimicy deficits of the European Union Conference Initiative for Europe/Citizens agenda Democratizing Europe:The role of DD MD/DI/IRI Berlin 27th and 28 th of January

The legitimacy deficits of and in the European Union: a. Output deficits No Job- Protection No Job- Protection No Citizens - Security No Citizens - Security No Protection against negative effects of one sided globalisation No Protection against negative effects of one sided globalisation No Identity or identification No Identity or identification

The legitimacy deficits of and in the European Union: b. input deficits No participation (“Feeling of powerlessness”) No participation (“Feeling of powerlessness”) Elite driven (Social distance) Elite driven (Social distance) Centralistic and bureaucratic (geograph. dist) Centralistic and bureaucratic (geograph. dist) No common public sphere (emot.dist.) No common public sphere (emot.dist.) No common identity (Cult. Distance) No common identity (Cult. Distance)

The legitimatorial performances of Direct Democracy: a. Direct performances Transnational organisation (Meetings) Transnational organisation (Meetings) Transnational deliberations Transnational deliberations Transnational actions&engagements Transnational actions&engagements Participation (Becoming part …) Participation (Becoming part …) Identifications (…is feeling a belonging to) Identifications (…is feeling a belonging to)

The legitimatorial performances of Direct Democracy: b. Indirect performances and effects Transnational public sphere (s) Transnational public sphere (s) Identification by participation Identification by participation Integration of diversity Integration of diversity European Identity by European engagements European Identity by European engagements More legitimate policies, less lobby orientation More legitimate policies, less lobby orientation

The condition for the legitimatorial power of DD : A real democratic constitution making process Transformation from a treaty logic to a constitutional base Transformation from a treaty logic to a constitutional base Participation in the constitution making process Participation in the constitution making process A common transeuropean constitutional Referendum with a double Majority A common transeuropean constitutional Referendum with a double Majority Partizipatorial citizen rights Partizipatorial citizen rights An European bonus for active citizens An European bonus for active citizens

The limits of the legitimatorial power of DD: It’s only a condition, never a guarantee It’s only a condition, never a guarantee It has to become a culture, not episodes It has to become a culture, not episodes To change the elitist culture of elites needs time To change the elitist culture of elites needs time It’s only Europe, not yet the world It’s only Europe, not yet the world For a more legitimate outcome you need more For a more legitimate outcome you need more

Which are the basic (“principal”)products of Direct Democracy’s best practices? Which are the basic (“principal”)products of Direct Democracy’s best practices?. / collective communication&deliberations  Multiple deliberations  Collective learning potentials  political openess et legitimate polity  Identification with the DD process (« Democratic patriotism »)

The quality of the design of the process determines the quality of the outcome and the quality of the side - effects   The design of the process is essential for the « usefullness » of DD for any community.   Each level (local, regional,national, transnational) requires a special design

The quality of DD (citizen empowerment) depends from achievements in:  Social opportunities (Resources )  Individual capacities (Education)  Polity Design (constitutional rights)

Social opportunities which improve the quality of DD:  No poverty / Established lifechances for all  Pluralistic, open, discursive public sphere  Individual autonomy  culture of empathy, solidarity and equity

Individual capacities which help to increase and realize the quality of DD:  Ability to speak,read and listen  Social competences (Meet, discuss and organise)  Ability to understand  Political judgement  Openness and empathy

Elements of the Polity Design (constitutional rights) to increase the quality of DD:  Guarantee of the Human Rights (Rule of law)  Constitution of the peoples sovereignity on all economic levels  Fairness rules for the use of financial resources  Decentralisation of power and clear competence sharing  Freedom of information act  Time-sensibility (no quick fix), interactive/coop.settings

Free signature gathering Ex. for high quality DD-Design (I) : Free signature gathering  Allows to address unknown fellow citizens  Increases serious deliberation opportunities  Protects anonymity  Facilitates the meeting of other social groups  Enforces the overcoming of preducies

Low % signature requirements Ex. for high quality DD-Design (II) : Low % signature requirements  DD is an instrument for those who are not powerful  It helps to integrate minorities and diversity  All hear and sea more when it’s easier not to be overlooked  The Polity is more open and accessible for new ideas  Unsolved problems may be less overlooked

No special majority qualifications (“quorums”) Ex. for high quality DD-Design (III) No special majority qualifications (“quorums”)  Those, who take part, decide  No invitations to play against the spirit of DD  You have to convince, when you want to win  The majority of those, who participated, decide

No by passing of the Parliament Ex. for high quality DD-Design (IV): No by passing of the Parliament  ID and DD are complementary  ID and DD have to build up a cooperative culture  Mutual Counterproposals increase the options  Institutional deliberations increase the institutional learning and respondsivnes