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Chem 125 Lecture 3 9/9/02 Projected material This material is for the exclusive use of Chem 125 students at Yale and may not be copied or distributed further. It is not readily understood without reference to notes from the lecture.

Equilibrium vs. Resonance AB AB Two Real Species One Real Species Two “Reasonable” Structural Formulas Failure of Simplistic Notation Unusually Stable

Unusually Stable? Compared to What? a question second in importance only to “How do you know?”

Equilibrium vs. Resonance H C O O H HC O O H H C O O HC O O Two Species One Species! LORE H C O O HC O O One Nuclear Geometry!

OCCULT CHEMISTRY A SERIES OF Clairvoyant Observations on the Chemical Elements BY ANNIE BESANT, P.T.S. AND CHARLES W. LEADBEATER Reprinted from the Theosophist. T HEOSOPHIST O FFICE, A DYAR, M ADRAS, S. T HEOSOPHICAL P UBLISHING S OCIETY, L ONDON AND B ENARES C ITY (105 pp.) 1919 (123 pp.) 1951 (400 pp.)

Benzene (1924) "each of the three valencies of each Carbon are satisfied by Hydrogen, and the fourth valency, which some have postulated as going to the interior of the molecule, does actually do so."

Benzene “Resonance” H H H H H H C C C C C C H H H H H H C C C C C C H H H H H H C C C C C C (1889)

Mrs. Annie BESANT P.T.S. ( ) Curuppumullage JINARAJADASA P.T.S. (~ ) "Bishop" Charles Webster LEADBEATER ( ) The Occult Chemists ( )

"These [1905 chemical] weights differ from those hitherto accepted, and are generally lighter than those given in earlier textbooks. It is interesting to note that our counting endorses the earlier numbers... we must wait to see if later observations will endorse the last results of orthodox chemistry, or confirm ours." 1905 International Chemical Tables Occult Anu/18 Were They Crackpots or Charlatans? Lothar Meyer (Breslau, 1884) p. 140 Lothar Meyer (rounded values) p. 191 Exact hits on 10 of 15 elements! Chance of innocent exact hit on 10 of 60 is 1/10,000,000,000,000 For 57 elements (# of anu) / 18 = atomic weight! ~

Innocent Subconscious Adjustment? a) 4 * (4 * * 3) b) 16 * (4 * 6 + 9) c) 2 * (12 * * 2 +5)d) 2 * 2 * (4 * * 6) e) 2 * 12 * ( * * * 2 + 4)

Innocent Subconscious Adjustment? a) 4 * (4 * * 3) b) 16 * (4 * 6 + 9) c) 2 * (12 * * 2 +5) d) 2 * 2 * (4 * * 6) e) 2 * 12 * ( * * * 2 + 4) Grand Total 

25 nm (250 Å) >100,000 atoms + hydrogen!

Science, 11 August 2000

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (1981) Heinrich Rohrer Gerd Binnig Nobel Prize (1986)

Cantilever Choice Only one of these five cantilevers is used in any one experiment. They differ in stiffness and ability to twist. The smallest scale division is 20  m

Scanning Electron Micrographs of AFM Cantilever & Tip

COOH tip

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (1999) Geo. Flynn D. Yablon (Columbia Univ) Br O Br(CH 2 ) 11 COOH on graphite

Quantum corral Fe atoms on Cu

SNOM Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscope

Wm. Lawrence Bragg ( ) Determined structure of ZnS from Laue's X-ray photograph (1912) Youngest Nobel Laureate (1915)