Technology Fundamentals 6 th pd

Terms to know Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Input Output Operating system Printer firewall Hardware Software Data Mainframe Cache LAN, WAN Programming language Analog/digital

Number systems Binary numbers, as with decimal, octal, and hexadecimal numbers, are organized into columns. To learn binary math, we first need to understand how number systems operate. Let's take a look at the decimal system first, since it is simple and easier to think about. We can consider the number "1234" as Which means, 1234 = 1x x x10 + 4x1 ThousandsHundredsTensOnes 1234

Numbers continued… The decimal system, as with decimal math, operates in "base 10" (dec being the Latin prefix for ten) using the digits 0-9 to represent numbers, whereas the binary system, as well as its math, operates in "base 2" (bi being the Latin prefix for two) using the digits 0-1 to represent numbers. The base is also known as the radix. In other words, the table above can be represented as, ThousandsHundredsTensOnes Decimal10^310^210^110^0 Binary2^32^22^12^0

Decimal v. Binary DecimalBinary

Input/Output Mouse Keyboard Microphone Bar code reader Monitor Printer Speaker

Operating Systems An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for execution of various application software. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system. Without an operating system, a user cannot run an application program on their computer, unless the application program is self booting.software programsdatacomputerscomputer hardwareapplication softwaresystem software Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows.AndroidiOSLinuxMac OS XMicrosoft Windows

Firewall A firewall is a device or set of devices designed to permit or deny network transmissions based upon a set of rules and is frequently used to protect networks from unauthorized access while permitting legitimate communications to pass.

Data v. Information Data are plain facts. When data are processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make them useful, they are called information. Data has no context. Data is the computer’s language. Information is our translation of this language.

Programming languages An artificial language designed to communicate instructions to a machine. Can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine. Examples: BASIC, C++, DOS, COBOL

Types of Software System software : Windows OS, Linux Application software : MS Office, Internet Explorer Utility software : Drivers, Compiler, Interpreter

System Software System software is a computer software which manages and controls computer hardware so that application software can perform a task. System software performs tasks like transferring data from memory to disk, disk to memory, or rendering text onto a display device. System software performs the following functions: File editing Resource accounting I/O management Storage management Complete stages of computer processing like – linking, editing, relocation.

What is cache? Cache memory is fast memory that is used to hold the most recently accessed data in slower main memory. The idea is that frequently used data will stay in cache, which allows the CPU to access it more quickly. L1 cache is primary cache – it is the fast memory on CPU. (internal to CPU) L2 cache is slightly larger and slower than L1 cache. (external)

LAN Local Area Network – supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in a building, a school or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, or other applications.

WAN Wide Area Networks is a tele- communication network that covers a broad area. WANs are used to connect LANs together. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private.

Analog v. digital AnalogDigital Uses electrical, mechanical, hydraulic quantities to solve a problem. Do not have the ability to store data in large quantities. Process measured data Represent changing quantities incrementally as and when their values change Do have the ability to store data in large quantities. Process discrete data (digits)