Peoples and Cultures of Europe Europe as an ethnographic "culture area" units of analysis / cultural metaphors

“Anthropological Conceptions of ’Europe’” Parman pp. 9-11

Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, (ISBN: ) Parman, pp. 9-11

Europe as a “Culture Area”

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins” Europe Mesoamerica The Northwest Coast (of North America) The Upper Midwest The Mideast “Sub-Saharan Africa” Aran Islands

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins” Europe Mesoamerica The Northwest Coast (of North America) The Upper Midwest The Mideast “Sub-Saharan Africa” Aran Islands

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region –a “culture area”

“Culture Area” as a Unit of Analysis

some areas are “officially” anthropological “cultural areas”...

Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, (ISBN: ) You will read more about this in Ch. 12 “The Place of Europe in George P. Murdock's Anthropological Theory,” Mark T. Shutes, pp Which is on the reading schedule for Wednesday, 25 July 2007

we sometimes include Europe in anthropology as a “Culture Area” specifically because we want to test the universality of anthropological models Hoffman Shutes Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

we sometimes include Europe in anthropology specifically because we want to test the universality of anthropological models Hoffman Shutes Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

the chapters in Parman suggest that there has been a tendency in the history of the anthropology of Europe to... –exoticize the familiar –create syndromes of difference such as “honor and shame” –and to stress the study of the rural, the semiliterate folk, the small scale, preferably on islands Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

Mesoamerica

some culture areas were very carefully and precisely defined, such as “Mesoamerica” as defined in 1952 by Paul Kirchoff... Kirchhoff, Paul. "Meso-America," in Heritage of Conquest, Sol Tax, ed., pp Glencoe, Illinois, 1952.

some culture areas were very carefully and precisely defined, such as “Mesoamerica” as defined in 1952 by Paul Kirchoff... Kirchhoff, Paul. "Meso-America," in Heritage of Conquest, Sol Tax, ed., pp Glencoe, Illinois, 1952.

“Mesoamerica” (cultural) “Middle America” (geological)

some areas that have been defined (by others) around cultural things are not the same as the anthropologists’ “cultural areas”...

other Units of Analysis

the individual as a Unit of Analysis

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, (ISBN: ) Ch. 12 “The Place of Europe in George P. Murdock's Anthropological Theory,” Mark T. Shutes: “ The new locus of study for Murdock was... the individual, rather than some methodological notion of group....” (p. 166)

Ch. 12 “The Place of Europe in George P. Murdock's Anthropological Theory,” Mark T. Shutes: “ The new locus of study for Murdock was... the individual, rather than some methodological notion of group....” (p. 166) This was also earlier advocated by: Bronislow Malinowski Edward Sapir (“Sapir-Whorf” hypothesis) Margaret Mead

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins” –“life histories”

Paul Buffalo Meditating Medicine

Sharon Gmelch Nan: The Life of an Irish Traveling Woman, Revised Edition. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, (ISBN: )

the family as a Unit of Analysis

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family e.g., Strodtbeck-Florence Kluckhohn, see later –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

we saw this video on Thursday 05 July 2007

“Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Oscar Lewis

the community as a Unit of Analysis

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

as we have seen, for many years the island model of peasant / community studies dominated Europeanist anthropology, and to some extent continues to do so –whether or not the peasant community was on an island, the community itself was treated as a self-contained unit –see Kertzer’s discussion of the anthropological yearning for “the simplicity of a manageable field setting... Where... The scale is human, and the cow dung wafts through the air” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

as we have seen, for many years the island model of peasant / community studies dominated Europeanist anthropology, and to some extent continues to do so –whether or not the peasant community was on an island, the community itself was treated as a self-contained unit –see Kertzer’s discussion of the anthropological yearning for “the simplicity of a manageable field setting... Where... The scale is human, and the cow dung wafts through the air” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

and as we have also seen, the preference for peasant communities is due in part to the influence of Radcliffe-Brown and Robert Redfield at the University of Chicago Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

1952 Structure and Function in Primitive Society Glencoe, IL.: The Free Press 1964Andaman Islanders Glencoe, IL.: The Free Press Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown

“Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe 1930Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1941 Folk Culture of Yucatan Chicago: University of Chicago Press Robert Redfield

the research that came out of this school of thought emphasized self-sufficiency and isolation Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

rather than regional / national linkages migration tourism urbanization Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

peasant studies and community studies by and large perpetuated the island model of anthropological units of study with its concomitant notions of... Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

peasant studies and community studies by and large perpetuated the island model of anthropological units of study with its concomitant notions of... Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

–tradition –conservatism –homogeneity in ideology if not in fact, as Brettell points out in Parman –egalitarianism –mechanical solidarity –cultural essences as opposed to... the notion of culture as... Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

as opposed to... the alternative notion of culture as –contested –negotiated –invented –and relational in a society characterized by –gesellschaft –stratification –class differences –and organic solidarity Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

Douglass argues that small communities are an important part of the European experience and should not be dismissed as an intellectual interlude in theoretical trends within American anthropology Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

Others authors have justified the use of small communities in a variety of ways: –they are condensed, manageable samples of a larger whole (Hoffman) –they are primordial (Dubisch referring to Campbell) –they are dynamic arenas within which national self-images are formed (Dubisch referring to Herzfeld) –they provide the holistic and ethnographic vehicle for integrating micro and macro levels of analysis (Bennett; Wilson) Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

researchers began to look more closely at the romantic myth of egalitarian communities, and to describe stratification systems Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

researchers began to look more closely at the romantic myth of egalitarian communities, and to describe stratification systems Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

the island model of gemeinschaft / peasant community –allowed for some role differentiation primarily based on gender and kinship –but not the extreme differentiation that comes under the heading of stratification Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

stratification is a symptom of large complex societies not the gemeinschaft of small-scale societies Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

and Susan Freeman went from the University of Chicago –to do research in Spain –influenced not only by the British social anthropology presence at Chicago –but also by British social anthropologists producing seminal studies of Spanish communities (Pitt-Rivers) Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

1954People of the Sierra Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1963 Mediterranean Countrymen: Essays in the Social Anthropology of the Mediterranean Julian Alfred Pitt-Rivers, et al Paris: Mouton Julian Alfred Pitt-Rivers

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins” back to

Ernestine Friedl 1962 Vasilika: A Village in Modern Greece. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, (ISBN: ) Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

John C. Messenger Inis Beag: Isle of Ireland. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, (ISBN: ) Inis Beag GaelicGaelic: "Little Island"

INIS Beag Revisited: The Anthropologist as Observant Participator 1983 Salem, WI: Sheffield. (Reprint edition August 1989). The 1983 version was entitled An Anthropologist At Play: Ballald-mongering in Ireland and its Consequences for Research

... backed up in image by the film Man of Aran (77 min, 1934, B&W) –Robert J. Flaherty, –Colman “Tiger” King, –Maggie Dirrane, and –Michael Dirrane we will see this “classic” film on Tuesday, 17 July 2007

John C. Messenger ? 1971 Sex and Repression in an Irish Folk Community. In Human Sexual Behavior: Variations in the Ethnographic Spectrum, by Donald S. Marshall and Robert C. Suggs. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall. 1978The Golden Chain: A Study of the Structure, Function, and Patterning of Comparatico in a South Italian village. American Ethnologist 5: Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

Milocca: A Sicilian Village Charlotte Gower Chapman

John K. Campbell Honour, Family, and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community (1964)

“Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Ronald Frankenberg 1957Village on the Border: A Social Study of Religion, Politics, and Football in a North Wales Community Cohen and West

“Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Ronald Frankenberg 1957Village on the Border: A Social Study of Religion, Politics, and Football in a North Wales Community Cohen and West

“Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Lewis - Refield debate Robert Redfield –Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Oscar Lewis –Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlan Restudied

the region as a Unit of Analysis

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (not as a “culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

Conrad Arensberg 1937The Irish Countryman. New York: Macmillan. ”the earliest example of anglophone Europeanist anthropology”

a culture as a Unit of Analysis

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

Sharon B. Gmelch 1986Groups that Don't Want in: Gypsies and other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities. Annual Review of Anthropology 15: Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People by George Gmelch 1985

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans in summary (so far)

“units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

“units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

“units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

a nation (Nation-State) as a Unit of Analysis

Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis = the nation or national culture –“national character studies” »The Chrysanthemum and the Sword – Ruth BenedictThe Chrysanthemum and the Sword

the item or action itself as a Unit of Analysis

“units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

Elizabeth L. Krause A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.

demography / population gender ethnicity nationalism globalization “development” social / cultural change decision-making peasants urbanism / urbanization Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt stratification internal and transnational migration “transnationalism” networks honor / shame values patron-client relationships literacy “we” vs. “other” rural / urban continuum

demography / population gender ethnicity nationalism globalization “development” social / cultural change decision-making peasants urbanism / urbanization Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt stratification internal and transnational migration “transnationalism” networks honor / shame values patron-client relationships literacy “we” vs. “other” rural / urban continuum

in the 1970s anthropologists became caught up in a surge of interest in world systems, processes that could be described independent of particular “culture areas” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

in the 1970s anthropologists became caught up in a surge of interest in world systems, processes that could be described independent of particular “culture areas” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

in the 1970s anthropologists became caught up in a surge of interest in world systems, processes that could be described independent of particular “culture areas” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

these were universal processes, and anthropology was conceived of as a universal science of humankind –not just of the exotic, non-Western, savage Other Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

these were universal processes, and anthropology was conceived of as a universal science of humankind –not just of the exotic, non-Western, savage Other Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

Douglass extracts comments from... –Arensberg’s Irish Countryman the earliest example of anglophone Europeanist anthropology –Pitt-Rivers’s People of the Sierra “anglophone Europeanist anthropology’s quintessential and most influential little community study” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

1954 People of the Sierra Julian Alfred Pitt-Rivers

today issues of gender in Europe vary from honor and shame in the Mediterranean to... general issues of the status of women their power their role in migration the construction of gender identity the poetics of genders Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

thus from one point of view, one could argue that during the 1970s the anthropological study of Europe (or any culture area, for that matter) was irrelevant in the anthropological imagination Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

thus from one point of view, one could argue that during the 1970s the anthropological study of Europe (or any culture area, for that matter) was irrelevant in the anthropological imagination Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination... but not in recent times

processes were universal where they took place was of interest only in providing additional evidence about the nature of the processes themselves Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

processes were universal where they took place was of interest only in providing additional evidence about the nature of the processes themselves Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

on the other hand, going to Europe was essential in the anthropological imagination because it validated the universality of anthropological models –thus separating it from its image as a discipline relevant only to the study of the exotic, the “primitive,” and the non-West Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

on the other hand, going to Europe was essential in the anthropological imagination because it validated the universality of anthropological models –thus separating it from its image as a discipline relevant only to the study of the exotic, the “primitive,” and the non-West Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

according to Mark T. Shutes, this same motivation lay behind George Peter Murdock attempting to add more European material to the Human Relations Area Files, so as to expand the scope of ethnographic examples Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

according to Mark T. Shutes, this same motivation lay behind George Peter Murdock attempting to add more European material to the Human Relations Area Files, so as to expand the scope of ethnographic examples Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

Nancy F. Breuner 1992 Cult of the Virgin Mary in Southern Italy and Spain. Ethos 20: Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt

Nancy F. Breuner 1992 Cult of the Virgin Mary in Southern Italy and Spain. Ethos 20: Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt

we saw this video on Tuesday, 10 July 2007

George Foster 1965 “Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good.” American Anthropologist 67: Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

Tomas Hofer Proper peasants: Traditional life in a Hungarian village Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

Andrei Simić 1974 Urbanization and Cultural Process in Yugoslavia. Anthropological Quarterly 47: Obstacles to the Development of a Yugoslav National Consciousness: Ethnic Identity and Folk Culture in the Balkans. Journal of Mediterranean Studies 1:18-36 “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

Eric Wolf 1969Society and symbols in Latin Europe and in the Islamic Near East. Anthropological Quarterly 42: The Peasant War in Germany: Friedrich Engels as Social Historian. Science and Society 51: Perilous Ideas: Race, Culture, People. Current Anthropology 35:1-7. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

Eric Wolf 1966Peasants 1967Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

Eric Wolf

a cultural metaphor (analogy, by means of cultural metaphors) as a Unit of Analysis

“units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor” (analogy, by means of cultural metaphors)

an important influence on American interest in European Spanish studies was an attempt to trace Latin American influences back to Spain Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

an important influence on American interest in European Spanish studies was an attempt to trace Latin American influences back to Spain Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

we saw this video on Tuesday, 10 July 2007

“By forcing his [sic.] imagination, through analogy, to follow the detailed conformations of some external and unpredictable subject, the scientist’s or artist’s invention gains a sureness it would not otherwise command.” “Invention is ‘controlled’ by the image of reality and the creator’s lack of awareness that he [sic.] is creating.” Roy Wagner (1975) Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, p. 02Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

“units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor” (analogy, by means of cultural metaphors)

Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 17. The Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish BullfightThe Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight

Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 6.The Turkish Coffehouse Ch. 8. The Polish Village Church Ch. 10. The German Symphony Ch. 11. The Swedish Stuga Ch. 12. Irish ConversationsIrish Conversations Ch. 14. The Danish Christmas Luncheon Ch. 15. French Wine...

Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 17. The Traditional British HouseThe Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian OperaThe Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian LaceBelgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian BalletThe Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish BullfightThe Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese BullfightThe Portuguese Bullfight

Cultural Metaphors cultural metaphors can be derived for ethnic groups within and across nations –e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Kurds (in Turkey) –e.g., Basques

Cultural Metaphors cultural metaphors can be derived for ethnic groups within and across nations –e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Kurds (in Turkey) –e.g., Basques

Mark Kurlansky The Basque History of the World. NY: Penguin Books, (ISBN: )

Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis is usually the nation or national culture applies to a group, but not to every individual within it

Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis is usually the nation or national culture –because a good amount of evidence suggests that there are commonalities across regional, racial, and ethnic groups within each of them that can be captured effectively by cultural metaphors

Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis is usually the nation or national culture –Understanding Global Cultures contains 28 metaphors (13 of the 28 are from Europe) –there are approximately 200 nations in the world 193 according to The Times World Atlas (2004)

Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis is usually the nation or national culture –Understanding Global Cultures contains 28 metaphors (13 of the 28 are from Europe) –REM: there are approximately 200 nations in the world 193 according to The Times World Atlas (2004)

Ken Livingston, mayor of London England, indicated that there were over 300 languages spoken in London. (Following the terrorist attack of July 2005) Communication

How many languages are spoken in St. Paul Minnesota ? Communication

Culture Counts and it counts quit a bit

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

Cultural Metaphors include... religion early socialization and family structure small group behavior public behavior leisure pursuits and interests

Cultural Metaphors include... total Lifestyle –work / leisure / home and time allocations to each of them aural space –the degree to which members of a society react negatively to high noise levels roles and status of different members of a society

Cultural Metaphors include... holidays and ceremonies greeting behavior humor

Cultural Metaphors include... language –oral and written communication

Cultural Metaphors include... non-oral communication –body language kinesics (motion) proxemics (space)

Cultural Metaphors include... sports –as a reflection of cultural values political structure of a society the educational system of a society

Cultural Metaphors include... traditions and the degree to which the established order is emphasized history of a society –but only as it reflects cultural mind-sets, or the manner in which its members think, feel, and act –not a detailed history

Cultural Metaphors include... food and eating behavior

Cultural Metaphors include... social class structure rate of technological and cultural change organization of and perspective on work –such as a society’s commitment to the work ethic, superior-subordinate relationships, and so on any other categories that are appropriate

A Four-Stage Model of Cross- Cultural Understanding I.four-cell typology of process / goal orientation II.more specificity III.inclusion of other “etic” of culture-general dimensions along which specific cultures have been shown to vary IV.cultural metaphors are employed for understanding a culture they build on the “etic” understanding provided by the approaches used in the first three stages

Fig Process, Goals, and Expression of Emotions (p. 12) Open Expression of Emotions and Feelings Degree to which process must be emphasized before goals can be discussed LowerHigher Lower Higher

A Four-Stage Model of Cross- Cultural Understanding I.four-cell typology of process / goal orientation II.more specificity III.inclusion of other “etic” of culture-general dimensions along which specific cultures have been shown to vary IV.cultural metaphors are employed for understanding a culture they build on the “etic” understanding provided by the approaches used in the first three stages

Emics / Etics emics –from “phonemics” –viewing a culture from the inside etics –from “phonetics” –viewing a culture from the outside more on the “emics” and “etics” later

“Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model One variable of Gannon’s “Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model is the degree to which process such as effective communication and getting to know one another in depth should precede discussion of specific goals

“Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model One variable of Gannon’s “Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model is the degree to which process such as effective communication and getting to know one another in depth should precede discussion of specific goals

“Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model Another variable of Gannon’s “Four-Stage Model” is the degree to which a culture fosters and encourages open emotional expressionFour-Stage Model

“Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model Another variable of Gannon’s “Four-Stage Model” is the degree to which a culture fosters and encourages open emotional expressionFour-Stage Model

Fig Process, Goals, and Expression of Emotions (p. 12) Open Expression of Emotions and Feelings Degree to which process must be emphasized before goals can be discussed LowerHigher Lower England, Ireland, and Scotland United States and Germany Higher China, Japan, and India Mexico, Spain, and Italy More on the “Four-Stage Model” later, time permittingFour-Stage Model

Cultural Metaphors “Metaphors are not stereotypes” – Martin J. Gannon Why?

Geert Hofstede (1991) IBM study demonstrated that national culture explained 50% of the differences in attitudes in IBM’s 53 countries

“Given such studies, it seems that culture influences between 25% and 50% of our attitudes, whereas other aspects of workforce diversity, such as social class, ethnicity, race, sex, and age, account for the remainder of these attitudinal differences.”

“Frequently, when a foreigner violates a key cultural value, he or she is not even aware of the violation, and no one brings the matter to his or her attention.” –once a visitor makes a major mistake it is frequently impossible to rectify it –and it may well take several months to realize that polite rejections really signify isolation and banishment

“Frequently, when a foreigner violates a key cultural value, he or she is not even aware of the violation, and no one brings the matter to his or her attention.” –once a visitor makes a major mistake it is frequently impossible to rectify it –and it may well take several months to realize that polite rejections really signify isolation and banishment including proxemics kenisics

“Frequently, when a foreigner violates a key cultural value, he or she is not even aware of the violation, and no one brings the matter to his or her attention.” –once a visitor makes a major mistake it is frequently impossible to rectify it –and it may well take several months to realize that polite rejections really signify isolation and banishment

“Even genuinely small cultural mistakes can have enormous consequences.”

“... knowing a country’s language, although clearly helpful, is no guarantee of understanding its cultural mindset, and some of the most difficult problems have been created by individuals who have a high level of fluency but a low level of cultural understanding.”

“Moreover, members of a culture tend to assume that highly fluent visitors know the customs and rules of behavior, and these visitors are judged severely when violations occur.”

Cultural Metaphors Understanding Global Cultures describes a method for understanding easily and quickly the cultural mind- set of a nation and comparing it to other nations...

Cultural Metaphors Understanding Global Cultures describes a method for understanding easily and quickly the cultural mind- set of a nation and comparing it to other nations... metaphorical analysis

Cultural Metaphors wherein the unit of analysis is the metaphor

Cultural Metaphors In essence the cultural metaphor involves identifying some phenomenon, activity, or institution of a nation’s culture that all or most of its members consider to be very important and with which they identify closely –the characteristics of the metaphor then become the basis for describing and understanding the essential features of the society

Cultural Metaphors In essence the cultural metaphor involves identifying some phenomenon, activity, or institution of a nation’s culture that all or most of its members consider to be very important and with which they identify closely –the characteristics of the metaphor then become the basis for describing and understanding the essential features of the society

Cultural Metaphors In essence the cultural metaphor involves identifying some phenomenon, activity, or institution of a nation’s culture that all or most of its members consider to be very important and with which they identify closely –the characteristics of the metaphor then become the basis for describing and understanding the essential features of the society

Cultural Metaphors each metaphor is a guide or map that helps the foreigner understand quickly what members of a society consider very important –but it is only a starting point against which we can compare our own experiences and through which we can start to understand the seeming contradictions pervasive in most, if not all, societies

Cultural Metaphors each metaphor is a guide or map that helps the foreigner understand quickly what members of a society consider very important –but it is only a starting point against which we can compare our own experiences and through which we can start to understand the seeming contradictions pervasive in most, if not all, societies

Cultural Metaphors Gannon’s book describes a dominant, and perhaps the dominant, metaphor for each society –but other metaphors may also be suitable

Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 6.The Turkish CoffehouseThe Turkish Coffehouse Ch. 8. The Polish Village ChurchThe Polish Village Church Ch. 10. The German SymphonyThe German Symphony Ch. 11. The Swedish StugaThe Swedish Stuga Ch. 12. Irish ConversationsIrish Conversations Ch. 14. The Danish Christmas LuncheonThe Danish Christmas Luncheon Ch. 15. French Wine...French Wine

Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 17. The Traditional British HouseThe Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian OperaThe Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian LaceBelgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian BalletThe Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish BullfightThe Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese BullfightThe Portuguese Bullfight

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck –note that each society has a dominant cultural orientation that can be described in terms of six dimensions

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 1.“What do members of a society assume about the nature of people, that is, are people good, bad, or a mixture?” These kinds of beliefs are sometimes called “existential postulates”

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 1.“What do members of a society assume about the nature of people, that is, are people good, bad, or a mixture?” These kinds of beliefs are sometimes called “existential postulates”

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 2.“What do members of a society assume about the relationship between a person and nature, that is, should we live in harmony with it or subjugate it?” These kinds of beliefs are sometimes called “normative postulates”

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 2.“What do members of a society assume about the relationship between a person and nature, that is, should we live in harmony with it or subjugate it?” These kinds of beliefs are sometimes called “normative postulates”

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 3.“What do members of a society assume about the relationship between people, that is, should a person act in an individual manner or consider the group before taking action?” individualism vs. collectivism (groupism) in terms of such issues as making decisions, conformity, and so forth

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 3.“What do members of a society assume about the relationship between people, that is, should a person act in an individual manner or consider the group before taking action?” individualism vs. collectivism (groupism) in terms of such issues as making decisions, conformity, and so forth

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 4.“What is the primary mode of activity in a given society, that is, being, or accepting the status quo, enjoying the current situation, and going with the flow of things; or doing, that is, changing things to make them better, setting specific goals and accomplishing them within specific schedules, and so forth?”

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 4.“What is the primary mode of activity in a given society, that is, being, or accepting the status quo, enjoying the current situation, and going with the flow of things; or doing, that is, changing things to make them better, setting specific goals and accomplishing them within specific schedules, and so forth?”

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 5.“What is the conception of space in a given society, that is, is it considered private, in that meetings are held in private, people do not get too close to one another physically, and so on; or public, that is, having everyone participate in meetings and decision making, allowing emotions to be expressed publicly, and having people stand in close proximity to one another?”

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 5.“What is the conception of space in a given society, that is, is it considered private, in that meetings are held in private, people do not get too close to one another physically, and so on; or public, that is, having everyone participate in meetings and decision making, allowing emotions to be expressed publicly, and having people stand in close proximity to one another?”

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 6.“What is the society’s dominant temporal orientation” past present and / or future?

Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 6.“What is the society’s dominant temporal orientation” past present and / or future?

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Kluckholn and Strodtbeck note that each society has a dominant cultural orientation that can be described in terms of these six dimensions but that other, weaker orientations may also exist simultaneously in its different geographical regions and racial and ethnic groups

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Kluckholn and Strodtbeck note that each society has a dominant cultural orientation that can be described in terms of these six dimensions but that other, weaker orientations may also exist simultaneously in its different geographical regions and racial and ethnic groups

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Kluckholn and Strodtbeck note that each society has a dominant cultural orientation that can be described in terms of these six dimensions but that other, weaker orientations may also exist simultaneously in its different geographical regions and racial and ethnic groups

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede made many discoveries in how people learn language analyzed the levels of learning

Edward T. Hall 1.“Context, or the amount of information that must be explicitly stated if a message or communication is to be successful”

Edward T. Hall 2.“Space, or the ways of communicating through specific handling of personal space” e.g., North Americans tend to keep more space between them while communicating than do South Americans

Edward T. Hall 3.Time, which is either monochronic (scheduling and completing one activity at a time) or polychronic (not distinguishing between activities and completing them simultaneously – “multitasking”)

Edward T. Hall 3.Time, which is either monochronic (scheduling and completing one activity at a time) or polychronic (not distinguishing between activities and completing them simultaneously – “multitasking”)

Edward T. Hall 4.“Information flow, which is the structure and speed of messages between individuals and / or organizations”

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede

–prominent organizational psychologist –research is based on a large questionnaire survey of IBM employees and managers working in 53 different countries –especially significant because the type of organization is held constant

Geert Hofstede 1.Power distance or the degree to which members of a society automatically accept a hierarchical or unequal distribution of power in organizations and the society

Geert Hofstede 2.Uncertainty avoidance or the degree to which members of a given society deal with the uncertainty and risk of everyday life and prefer to work with long-term acquaintances and friends rather than with strangers

Geert Hofstede 3.Individualism or the degree to which an individual perceives him- or her-self to be separate from a group and free from group pressure to conform

Geert Hofstede 4.Masculinity or the degree to which a society looks favorably on aggressive and materialistic behavior

Geert Hofstede 5.Time horizon (short term to long term) or the degree to which members of a culture are willing to defer present gratification in order to achieve long- term goals

Geert Hofstede 5.Time horizon (short term to long term) or the degree to which members of a culture are willing to defer present gratification in order to achieve long- term goals

criticisms of the “three-dimensional approaches” developed by Kluckholn and Strodtbeck, Hall, and Hofstende include –leave out many features of the cultural mind- sets that are activated in daily cultural activities –neglect the institutions molding these mind- sets –are instructive, but are “somewhat lifeless and narrow” –leave out many facets of behavior

Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...