Geometric Frustration in Large Arrays of Coupled Lasers Near Field Far Field Micha Nixon Eitan Ronen, Moti Fridman, Amit Godel, Asher Friesem and Nir Davidson.

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Geometric Frustration in Large Arrays of Coupled Lasers Near Field Far Field Micha Nixon Eitan Ronen, Moti Fridman, Amit Godel, Asher Friesem and Nir Davidson Weizmann Institute of Science

Introduction What is phase locking ? Coupling

How to phase lock lasers ? (Diffraction coupling.) Output coupler Mirror GAIN

Degenerate cavity Mirror GAIN Mask f1f1 f2f2 Lens (f 2 ) Lens (f 1 ) Output coupler f2f2 f1f1 300µm

Near field Far field Degenerate cavity square array Near field

Degenerate cavity Mirror GAIN MaskLens Output coupler Far Field No coupling Far Field With coupling

Negative coupling 0 π π π π

0π π0 XY model of anti ferromagnetic interactions

Negative coupling 0π π0

Triangular array

Near Field Many longitudinal modes. Far Field

Kagome array

Near Field Far Field Moessner R and Chalker J T “Low-temperature properties of classical geometrically frustrated antiferromagnets”, Phys. Rev. B (1998)

Honey-comb (Grafin) array Near Field Far Field

No φ phase ordering !3φ phase ordering

Is this a 3φ “condensate” ? 3φ condensate simulations: Ground states using a Monte Carlo simulation that minimizes the spins energy. XY model

Next Nearest Neighbor Coupling

Kagome array with next nearest neighbor coupling z Mirror GAIN Mask f1f1 f2f2 f2 f2 f1 f1 Output coupler f2f2 f1f1

Kagome array with next nearest neighbor coupling

External “field” Degenerate cavity External laser 0 π ? Gain

External Field for 1D Near field spiral Far field

External disordered field Degenerate cavity 0 π 0 ? ? ? ? External degenerate laser cavity

Effects of finite “temperature” in square array

Summary Frustration and other ground states of coupled systems (XY model) can be demonstrated experimentally with large arrays of coupled lasers. Coupling strength, range and sign can be easily controlled. Study effects of external fields, noise and quenched disorder.

Fourier coupling Mirror GAIN Mask f1f1 f2f2 Lens (f 2 ) Pinhole Lens (f 1 ) Output coupler f2f2 f1f1

“Phase transitions” Near field square lattice No coupling Positive coupling Negative coupling

Sharp phase transitions

Direct measurement of phase decoherence 50% fringe visibility 100% fringe visibility

Distance Fringe visibility Short range phase ordering

Numerical model Laser rate equations Cavity transfer matrix.

Phase Locking Fourier plain f1f1 f1f1 f2f2 f2f2 (f 2 ) (f 1 )

Many Longitudinal modes A single lasers spectral lines are separated by