The Black Death. Hunter- gatherers Industrialization Agriculture Human Population.

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Presentation transcript:

The Black Death

Hunter- gatherers Industrialization Agriculture Human Population

Crowd diseases: –Parasites, e.g. schistosomiasis –Contagious diseases, e.g. measles Epidemics Domesticated animals

Endemic disease, Epidemics and Pandemics The Three Great Pandemics The Biology of Plague

6 th and 7 th Centuries AD

The Medieval Pandemic

The Modern Pandemic

The Biology of Plague Bacillus: Yersinia pestis

The Biology of Plague Rattus rattus (Black Rat)

The Biology of Plague Flea: Xenopsylla cheopis

Types of Plague Primary Bubonic –Transmitted by fleas –Buboes –60-90% mortality

Types of Plague - 2 Primary bacteraemic (septicaemic) Secondary bacteraemic Primary pneumonic Secondary pneumonic –Transmitted by air- borne droplets –Not too infectious

The Black Death Origins in Central Asia, ca Slow rate of spread Importance of Mongol Empire Spreads from Tatars to Genoese colony of Caffa From there to Europe in September 1347

How Many People Died?

Burials at Givry,

Plague Mortality in Bombay Presidency, LocalityPopulationDeath Rate/1,000 Bombay806, Poona161, Karachi97, Sholapur61, Kale4, Supne2, Ibrampur1,

Average Duration of Life: Florence, YearsAverage Life

How Many People Died?: Conclusion Ca. one-half of population dies Population declines until ca. 1425, when stabilizes at one-third level of that of 1300 Remains at this low level until ca Returns to level of 1300 around 1600

But Was It Plague?

Two types of rat needed Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) did not reach England until 1700s

Rodent reservoir But was it plague?

But Was It Plague? Two types of rat needed Rattus norvegicus (brown rat) did not reach England until 1700s

But was it plague? Plague a disease of open steppes, and/or warm countries, but Spreads to Iceland and Greenland

No reports of dead rats 40 day disease cycle, as opposed to 7-10 days for plague

Or a Viral Hemorrhagic Fever? Characterized by bleeding and vomiting of blood Generalized necrosis Affected domestic animals Spread from human to human

Population Movement at Prato

Consequences Western Europe: “Golden Age” of the Peasantry –Rents decline –Wages rise –Serfdom disappears in W. Europe

Population Movements: England

Consequences - 2 Intensifies political and social conflict –“Seigneurial reaction” –Peasant revolts/urban worker revolts –Increased competition among aristocrats for control of shrinking numbers of peasant, leading to Increased civil war Increased inter-state war