Cold War “neither war nor peace” Definition of the Cold War “A worldwide struggle for power between the United States and the Soviet Union... [which led to the creation of a bipolar world.]... It never resulted in direct military conflict between the two superpowers, but it did lead to competition on all fronts: ideological, diplomatic, economic, military... [and cultural.] Each nation felt besieged by the other.” The West and the World Since 1945

WWII Casualties Total casualties – 60 million Soviet Union – 20 m. (1/3 soldiers) China – 15 m. Japan – 2 m. Germany – 4 m. Poles – 6 m. Great Britain – 400,000 U.S. – 300,000 European Refugee Population – 15+ m.

30 MILLION EUROPEANS DEAD MILLION RUSSIANS MILLION GERMANS - 600,000 FRENCH -400,000 RUMANIANS,ITALIANS, ENGLISH -POLAND- 15%OF POPULATION, MOSTLY JEWS -15 MILLION CIVILIANS JEWISH POPULATION-FROM 9.2M TO 3.8 M, WITH ONLY 1 M LIVING WEST OF RUSSIA 16 M REFUGEES, 11 M GERMANS DRIVEN FROM E. EUROPE FROM WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE HUMAN COSTS

WWII IN EUROPE PROPERTY DAMAGE USSR-1700 CITIES, 70,000 VILLAGES -70% OF INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY -60% OF TRANSPORTATION GERMANY-75% HOUSES -90% INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY EUROPEAN ALLIED DEBT TO US-$13 B -GREAT BRITAIN-$13.5B -FRANCE-CURRENCY RUINED BY GER. OCCUPATION -USSR-$9 B -GERMANY-DEBT 10X THAT OF 1939, CURRENCY INFLATION 7X CONTRAST WITH UNITED STATES AFTER WWII -300,000 CASUALTIES -FROM GNP ROSE FROM $91-166B -MERCHANT MARINE LARGER THAN ALL EUROPEAN NATIONS COMBINED

World War II - Major Consequences 1.End of the European Age 2.Rise of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. to Superpower Status 3.Emergence of the Cold War 4.The Nuclear Age 5.Rise of Nationalism and Independence Movements 6.Rise of Social Movements - Women, Youth, Human Rights, Ethnic, Religious, and Cultural Minorities 7.Internationalism - United Nations, IMF, World Bank

COLD WAR I – Why? (See RGH #79, p. 335) “deep seated animosities” What?Most dangerous time of the Cold War – NO RULES Policy of containment – counter the influence of the other in every way while expanding your influence and power. Aim? “to be second to none”

Iron Curtain

Europe “An iron curtain has descended upon Europe” Allies - Free World (Western Europe) vs. Iron Curtain (Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe) Foreign Aid - Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine vs. Soviet aid Military Alliances – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact, Arms Race Trade Pacts – Common Market (Free world) vs. Comecon Culture Wars – domestic containment, Kitchen Table Debates – a race for “hearts and minds” Science/Technology – “race to the moon,” arms race, creation of the military-industrial complex. COLD WAR I –

Hot Spots Europe Europe Germany is divided, Berlin Airlift, 1948, Germany is divided, Berlin Airlift, 1948, Berlin Wall, Hungarian Uprising, 1956 Asia China “goes Communist” 1949 Japan, Taiwan our allies Korean War – Vietnam “falling dominoes”

Berlin Wall Today

Brandenburg Gate

Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 “eyeball to eyeball, they blinked first” “eyeball to eyeball, they blinked first”

Détente, Coexistence Rules of engagement developed Rules of engagement developed Disarmament, Arms Control Treaties Disarmament, Arms Control Treaties Nuclear Test Ban, ABM, START Treaties MAD - Deterrence Summit Meetings, “hotline” Summit Meetings, “hotline” Cultural Exchanges of scientists, artists Cultural Exchanges of scientists, artists Trade Trade Human Rights – Helsinki Conference, 1977 Human Rights – Helsinki Conference, 1977

Cold War II – Cold War heats up Cold War heats up 1979 – 1980 Two key events: Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Election of Ronald Reagan Election of Ronald Reagan

Cold War II Reagan’s USSR – “Evil Empire” Reagan’s USSR – “Evil Empire” Return to an arms race Return to an arms race Soviet “quagmire” in Afghanistan—very unpopular at home. Soviet “quagmire” in Afghanistan—very unpopular at home. Soviet sponsorship of revolutions in Latin America (Nicaragua) Soviet sponsorship of revolutions in Latin America (Nicaragua) US covert operations in Latin America and Afghanistan US covert operations in Latin America and Afghanistan

THE RUSSIANS, STING WE SHARE THE SAME BIOLOGY, REGARDLESS OF IDEOLOGY. BELIEVE ME WHEN I SAY TO YOU, I HOPE THE RUSSIANS LOVE THEIR CHILDREN TOO. THERE IS NO HISTORICAL PRECEDENT, TO PUT THE WORDS IN THE MOUTH OF THE PRESIDENT. THERE’S NO SUCH THING AS A WINNABLE WAR, IT’S A LIE WE DON’T BELIEVE ANYMORE. MR. REAGAN SAYS WE WILL PROTECT YOU, I DON’T SUBSCRIBE TO THIS POINT OF VIEW. BELIEVE ME WHEN I SAY TO YOU, I HOPE THE RUSSIANS LOVE THEIR CHILDREN TOO. TICK, TOCK, TICK, TOCK TICK, TOCK IN EUROPE AND AMERICA, THERE’S A GROWING FEELING OF HYSTERIA. CONDITIONED TO RESPOND TO ALL THE THREATS, OF THE RHETORICAL SPECIES OF THE SOVIETS. MR. KRUSHCHEV SAID WE WILL BURY YOU, I DON’T SUBSCRIBE TO THIS POINT OF VIEW. IT WOULD BE SUCH AN IGNORANT THING TO DO, IF THE RUSSIANS LOVE THEIR CHILDREN TOO. HOW CAN I SAVE MY LITTLE BOY FROM OPPENHEIMER’S DEADLY TOY. THERE IS NO A MONOPOLY OF COMMON SENSE, ON EITHER SIDE OF THE POLITICAL FENCE.

“Societies in the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. may have resembled one another in some ways- -in their spying, in their pursuit of nuclear superiority, in their quest for cold way supremacy--but they also resembled each other in their basic humanity--a fact that may have prevented the ultimate tipping of the balance of terror.”

What ends the Cold War “The Short Century” ’s - Collapse of Communism 1980’s - Collapse of Communism 1.Economic deterioration 2.Political Dissent - “people power,” the role of Eastern Europe 3.Gorbachev-perestroika and glasnost 4.Environmental degradation 5.External factors - the role of Reagan; détente? 1989 – Berlin Wall Falls The end of the USSR-1991 The end of the USSR The role of Boris Yeltsin 2.Formation of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States)