Harmful Algal Blooms and Microcystin in the Tidal Fresh James River, Joe Wood, Ph.D. - Chesapeake Bay Foundation *Research performed while at VCU.

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Presentation transcript:

Harmful Algal Blooms and Microcystin in the Tidal Fresh James River, Joe Wood, Ph.D. - Chesapeake Bay Foundation *Research performed while at VCU

Chesapeake Bay Foundation Largest non-profit working to “Save the Bay” Offices in Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania 205,000 members (78,000 in Virginia) Focus on education, advocacy, restoration, and litigation Introduction 2

Talk Outline Background on the tidal fresh James River What is Microcystin? Effects on Aquatic Life Do Micrcoystin levels correspond to Chlorophyll levels?

The Tidal Fresh James River Study Site Data: Average of monthly values from 2005-2010 (DEQ~ Chesapeake Bay Program)

Algal Blooms in the Tidal Fresh James Persistent blooms occur in the region where the James transitions from a narrow, deep channel to a wide shallow channel. Shallow areas provide more favorable light conditions which enhance algal growth. Sampling locations for VCU weekly monitoring (2010-present).

Protective Standards: What is Microcystin? Hepatotoxin (liver) produced by several cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria) Potential grazer deterrent Increased Probability of Detection in Eutrophic Systems (Poste et al. 2011, Heisler et al.) Microcystin Protective Standards: World Health Organization (WHO) Drinking water 1 µg L-1. Virginia recreational Waterbody Closure: 6 µg L-1 WHO Consumption standard .04 µg MC kg human-1 Poste et al 2011

Negative Impacts of Microcystin Increased Apoptic Cell death, Tumors and Liver Cancer in Trout (Fischer et al 2011) Mortality and Hematological Lesions in Flamingos (Miller et al 2010) Mortality, Liver Hemorrhaging and tumor formation in Sea Otters, (Miller et al 2010) 2012 Lake Erie 2014: Toledo Water Supply severely impacted

CHLa and cyanotoxins in the James River during 2011. Contact standard (WHO) Drinking standard* (WHO) CHLa and cyanotoxins in the James River during 2011. *treated water

Microcystin assimilated by fish and crabs and persists at lower concentrations DEQ concludes human exposure via consumption is unlikely in this system

Fish who consume algae-rich diets are more vulnerable to toxin exposure

Algal Toxins to Riparian Food Webs Microcystin is found in aquatic insects including mayflies. When insects emerge and are consumed, the toxin is transferred to birds and spiders. L. Bulluck, N. Moy and P. Bukaveckas. VCU.

Microcystin influences on Clams With Clams Without Clams

Cyanotoxin Effects on Benthic Filter-feeders Top: effects of exposure to dissolved Microcystin on clearance rates of Rangia. Bottom: likelihood of exceeding Microcystin concentrations at various levels of CHLa.

Current Summer Standard Microcystin Impairments occur more frequently at Higher Chlorophyll Levels Current Summer Standard (23 µg L-1)

Conclusions Microcystin occurs regularly in the tidal fresh James and accumulates in invertebrates, fish and birds Bivalve Grazing rates are constrained by Microcystin Microcystin occurs much more frequently at levels above the current CHLa standard

Questions? Funding provided by VA DEQ and City of Richmond Department of Public Utilities